水热法制备玉米叶基生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

以农业废弃物玉米叶和玉米秆为原材料,采用水热法制备生物炭,通过批试验方法考察了接触时间、污染物初始浓度、生物炭投加量、反应体系温度及溶液p H值等因素对2种生物炭吸附亚甲基蓝的影响,并对吸附规律进行了探讨.吸附动力学拟合结果发现,准二级动力学能更好地拟合吸附过程(R~2=0.9986~0.9999);颗粒内扩散方程拟合结果表明,2种生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附由液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散2个过程控制.玉米叶基生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附可以通过Freundlich方程来进行拟合(R~2=0.9898),说明吸附在生物炭表面是多分子层吸附过程;而玉米杆基生物炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附更符合Langmuir方程(R~2=0.9825),说明吸附在生物炭表面是单分子层吸附过程.与玉米杆基生物炭相比,玉米叶基生物炭具有更好的吸附性能,拟合理论最大吸附量为玉米杆基生物炭的1.25倍.     

改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水体中头孢噻肟

抗生素对环境的危害已经引起了人们的广泛重视.本实验以改性生物炭(MB)为载体制备了负载纳米零价铁的功能生物炭(Fe/MB).以头孢噻肟(CFX)为目标抗生素,研究了该材料对头孢噻肟的降解特性及影响因素,并探讨了去除机理.实验结果表明,50 min内头孢噻肟的去除率为92%(Fe/MB用量为0.4 g·L~(-1),溶液p H=5.0,头孢噻肟浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),振荡速率为200 r·min~(-1),柠檬酸浓度为1.47 mmol·L~(-1)).头孢噻肟的去除过程存在改性生物炭的吸附和纳米零价铁还原降解的协同作用,数据符合伪二级反应动力学方程(R20.99).采用紫外可见光谱结合质谱分析了降解产物的结构并提出头孢噻肟的降解途径.     

混凝-水解-接触氧化-气浮工艺处理印染废水

采用混凝-水解酸化-接触氧化-气浮工艺,处理印染废水,运行结果表明：对CODcr SS、色度的去除率分别为91．5％、92％、90％,出水达到《纺织染整工业水污染排放标准》（GB4287—92）的一级标准。     

Modeling Acidification Recovery on Threatened Ecosystems: Application to the Evaluation of the Gothenburg Protocol in France

To evaluate the acid deposition reduction negotiated for 2010 within the UNECE LRTAP Gothenburg Protocol, sulphur and nitrogen deposition time-series (1880–2100) were compared to critical loads of acidity on five French ecosystems: Massif Central basalt (site 1) and granite (2); Paris Bassin tertiary sands (3); Vosges mountains sandstone (4) and Landes eolian sands (5). The SAFE model was used to estimate the response of soil solution pH and ratio to the deposition scenario. Among the five sites, critical loads were exceeded in the past at sites 3, 4 and 5. Sites 3 and 4 were still expected to exceed in 2010, the Protocol year. Further reduction of atmospheric deposition, mainly nitrogen, would be needed to achieve recovery on these ecosystems. At sites 3, 4 and 5, the delay between the critical load exceedance and the violation of the critical chemical criterion was estimated to be 10 to 30 years in the top soil and 50 to 90 years in the deeper soil. At site 5, a recovery was expected in the top soil in 2010 with a time lag of 10 years. Unexpectedly, soil pH continued to decrease after 1980 in the deeper soil at sites 2 and 5. This time lag indicated that acidification moved down the soil profile as a consequence of slow base cation depletion by ion exchange. This delayed response of the soil solution was the result of the combination of weathering rates and vegetation uptake but also of the relative ratio between base cation deposition and acid compounds.     

Characteristics of the Predator–Prey Interactions and the Horizontal Distribution of Macrozoobenthos in Small Lakes of Different Types

The horizontal distribution and quantitative characteristics of macrozoobenthos were studied in small lakes of the Darwin Nature Reserve (southern Vologda oblast). The aggregation index varied in the open areas of acid lakes, which indicated that communities of small acid water bodies were unstable. The aggregation was the lowest in the open area of a neutral lake. In acid lakes, the number and biomass of macroinvertebrates were the highest near the coasts. In the neutral lake, conversely, these values were maximum in open areas and low near the coast due to a strong pressure of predatory invertebrates and fish. An aggregating effect of invertebrate predators was observed near the coasts of lakes of different types.     

层状氧化物NaCo_2O_4热催化H_2O_2降解亚甲基蓝

采用固相烧结法制备了NaCo_2O_4催化剂,构建了NaCo_2O_4-H_2O_2热催化体系降解亚甲基蓝(MB)。XRD和SEM表征结果显示,合成的NaCo_2O_4催化剂具有良好的稳定性。NaCo_2O_4对H_2O_2具有良好的热催化性能,反应温度越高,反应速率常数k越大,该催化反应符合一级动力学方程。NaCo_2O_4-H_2O_2体系对MB具有较好的降解效果,在反应温度为50℃、NaCo_2O_4加入量为50 mg、MB溶液加入量为100 mL、MB初始质量浓度为30 mg/L、H_2O_2加入量为1.00 mL的最优条件下,反应340 min时,MB降解率达87.00%;催化剂重复使用三次,MB降解率仍可达85%以上;经捕获剂效果对比实验发现,催化反应体系中存在h~+、·OH等催化活性物种。     

羟胺强化Fenton反应降解水中氯酚

针对传统Fenton体系Fe（Ⅲ）累积和pH适用范围过窄等缺点,采用羟胺（HA）强化的HA-Fenton体系,以对氯苯酚（4-CP）为目标污染物进行降解实验,考察了Fe（Ⅱ）投加量、H2O2投加量、HA投加量和溶液pH等工艺条件对4-CP去除率的影响。实验结果表明：HA-Fenton体系适用于酸性和弱酸性条件,最佳pH范围为3.0~4.0;在溶液pH为3.0、Fe（Ⅱ）投加量为5.0 μmol/L、H2O2投加量为0.4 mmol/L、HA投加量为0.20 mmol/L的最适条件下,反应10 min, 4-CP去除率达64.25 %。     

丙烯腈生产废水中聚合物的资源化利用

以丙烯腈生产废水中的丙烯腈低聚物为原料制备聚丙烯酰胺。通过正交实验考察了水解反应条件和交联反应条件对反应的影响。FTIR表征结果显示,丙烯腈低聚物中的氰基已完全水解为酰胺基,产物聚丙烯酰胺中含有酰胺基和羧基。实验结果表明,在自来水加入量100 m L、水解反应温度95℃、m(Na OH)∶m(丙烯腈低聚物)=2.0、水解反应时间3 h的最佳水解反应条件,交联反应温度60℃、质量分数37%~40%的甲醛加入量6 m L、交联反应时间2 h的最佳交联反应条件下,处理20 g丙烯腈低聚物,可得到产物聚丙烯酰胺14.50 g,聚丙烯酰胺的水解度为21.1%、相对分子质量为2.7×106。产品性能满足Q/SH 0046—2007《钻井液用聚丙烯酰胺技术要求》中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的性能要求。     

逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术同时检测水中多种肠道病毒

建立了一种利用通用引物RT-PCR技术检测水中肠道病毒的方法.利用脊髓灰质炎病毒1～3型,柯萨奇病毒B3型作为参考病毒株,根据肠道病毒RNA5′非编码区中具有高度同源性的序列来设计通用引物.比较了M-MLV酶和AMV酶的逆转录效果,AMV酶能够成功地从地表水和生活污水中逆转录病毒RNA,更适于实际应用.对比研究了PCR过程中的退火温度,c(Mg2＋)等因素对RT-PCR检测结果的影响,选择退火温度55　℃,c(Mg2＋)为2　mmol/L的反应条件,优化了RT-PCR检测方法.通过检测水样中接种的连续稀释的病毒,确定了该检测方法的灵敏度为38　CCID₅₀.考察人工污染的地表水、污水、二级处理出水样品发现,检测灵敏度基本一致.该方法可应用在实际环境的肠道病毒检测中.      

不同共代谢基质下厌氧生物降解间苯二酚的研究

分别用蔗糖、葡萄糖、丁酸盐和乙醇作为驯化好的厌氧污泥的共代谢基质,在厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)中对间苯二酚的降解进行研究。结果表明:共代谢基质SCOD浓度在500～2000mg/L时,间苯二酚的降解速率很高;试验回归结果表明反应均符合一级动力学方程;反应速率常数大小依次为k丁酸盐>k蔗糖>k葡萄糖>k乙醇;当两种共代谢基质按比例1:1(SCOD)混合投加后,反应速率常数大小依次为k葡萄糖+丁酸盐>k乙醇+丁酸盐>k葡萄糖+乙醇,其中葡萄糖和丁酸盐的混合基质降解速率最高。