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971.
Cosmic vacuum energy decay and creation of cosmic matter 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the more recent literature on cosmological evolutions of the universe, the cosmic vacuum energy has become a nonrenouncable
ingredient. The cosmological constant Λ, first invented by Einstein, but later also rejected by him, presently experiences an astonishing revival. Interestingly
enough, it acts like a constant vacuum energy density would also do. Namely, it has an accelerating action on cosmic dynamics,
without which, as it appears, presently obtained cosmological data cannot be conciliated with theory. As we are going to show
in this review, however, the concept of a constant vacuum energy density is unsatisfactory for very basic reasons because
it would claim for a physical reality that acts upon spacetime and matter dynamics without itself being acted upon by spacetime
or matter. 相似文献
972.
Wolfgang Priester (1924–2005) was one of Germany’s most versatile and quixotic astrophysicists, reinventing himself successively
as a radio astronomer, space physicist and cosmologist, and making a lasting impact on each field. We focus in this personal
account on his contributions to cosmology, where he will be most remembered for his association with quasars, his promotion
of the idea of a nonsingular “big bounce” at the beginning of the current expansionary phase, and his recognition of the importance
of dark energy (Einstein’s cosmological constant Λ) well before this became the standard paradigm in cosmology.
In memoriam Wolfgang Priester, 22 April 1924 – 9 July 2005 相似文献
973.
Carmen Difiglio Dolf Gielen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(3):387-405
If hydrogen (H2) is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil use, it needs to displace conventional transport fuels and be
produced in ways that do not generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses alternative ways H2 can be produced, transported and used to achieve these goals. Several H2 scenarios are developed and compared to each other. In addition, other technology options to achieve these goals are analyzed.
A full fuel cycle analysis is used to compare the energy use and carbon (C) emissions of different fuel and vehicle strategies.
Fuel and vehicle costs are presented as well as cost-effectiveness estimates. Lowest hydrogen fuel costs are achieved using
fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage. The fuel supply cost for a H2 fuel cell car would be close to those for an advanced gasoline car, once a large-scale supply system has been established.
Biomass, wind, nuclear and solar sources are estimated to be considerably more expensive. However fuel cells cost much more
than combustion engines. When vehicle costs are considered, climate policy incentives are probably insufficient to achieve
a switch to H2. The carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation cost would amount to several hundred US$ per ton of CO2. Energy security goals and the eventual need to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations could be sufficient. Nonetheless,
substantial development of related technologies, such as C capture and storage will be needed. Significant H2 use will also require substantial market intervention during a transition period when there are too few vehicles to motivate
widely available H2 refueling.
相似文献
Dolf GielenEmail: |
974.
用于湿法净化黑烟表面活性剂筛选的数学模型研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
湿法净化燃煤窑炉中的黑烟,关键在于表面活性剂对炭黑的润湿、增溶和降低表面张力作用.根据研究筛选的数学模型,计算AEO-9和SDBS混合表面活性剂溶液的亲水亲油平衡值HLB、临界胶束浓度CMC与胶束形成吉布斯自由能ΔG0mf.通过实验测得不同配比AEO-9和SDBS溶液的CMC和处于该CMC时黑烟的去除效率η,分析混合溶液中HLB、CMC、ΔG0mf与η的关系,建立新的数学模型.结果表明,理论CMC与实测CMC吻合度较好;HLB与ln[CMC]线性相关;ΔG0mf与η存在二次函数关系.降低CMC可以有效增大HLB,增加溶解度,减小形成胶束的吉布斯自由能,降低表面张力,使形成胶束的反应更容易自发进行,有效提高黑烟去除效率. 相似文献
975.
高比表面植物基活性炭吸附水中对硝基苯胺的性能及影响因素 总被引:9,自引:6,他引:3
以互花米草与棉秆为原料,以KOH为活化剂,制备了2种低成本高比表面微孔植物基活性炭SA-AC和CS-AC,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中对硝基苯胺的吸附特性,测定了溶液pH值、吸附剂剂量、溶液温度对吸附的影响,并探讨了等温吸附行为及其热力学性质.结果表明,在KOH与炭化料的质量比(剂料质量比)为3∶1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1.5 h条件下,活化制备的互花米草活性炭SA-AC和棉秆活性炭CS-AC的比表面积分别为2 825 m2.g-1和2 135 m2.g-1,微孔容积分别为1.192 cm3.g-1和1.011 cm3.g-1,对水溶液中对硝基苯胺的Langmuir最大吸附量分别为719和716 mg.g-1,远高于商业活性炭ST1300.溶液pH值和温度对吸附有较大影响,在低温及中性条件下有利于制备活性炭对水溶液中对硝基苯胺的吸附.Freundlich与Redlich-Peterson模型能很好地描述对硝基苯胺在2种活性炭上的吸附行为;热力学研究表明,吸附标准吉布斯自由能变ΔG0与标准焓变ΔH0均为负值,表明对硝基苯胺在这2种活性炭上的吸附属于自发的放热吸附过程;吸附标准熵变ΔS00,说明对硝基苯胺在活性炭表面上的迁移比在溶液中受到了更大的限制. 相似文献
976.
977.
978.
979.
Path creation for sustainable consumption: promoting alternative heating systems in Finland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There are many cost-effective technologies to reduce resource use and carbon dioxide emissions in space heating, yet they are adopted very slowly, and inefficient heating systems persist. In this article, we examine path dependence and path creation in home heating systems. Path dependence refers to the self-sustaining characteristics of existing systems such as the dominant energy system. Path creation is a related concept that highlights entrepreneurship in ‘mindfully deviating’ from existing paths and creating new ones by engaging various stakeholders and generating momentum. Research on path creation in energy systems has focused on energy production systems, whereas end-use technologies have gained less attention. We explore the role of path creation in end-use technologies through four attempts to change heating systems for detached houses in Finland via the promotion of heat pump technologies. Within the path creation process, we focus on how the initiators of new paths try to counter the forces maintaining the dominant system. In particular, we pay attention to how small organizations make use of co-operation to challenge the existing path. The aim is to identify the conditions for successful path creation by entrepreneurs and energy end-users under adverse conditions. 相似文献
980.
结合农村生活污水处理的现状及处理过程中可能出现的问题,将太阳能技术与传统土地渗滤工艺相结合应用于农村生活污水治理工程,保证水质达到排放标准并能延长工程的使用年限。此外文章还介绍了利用太阳能应用的工艺流程、创新点与应用优势及应用前景。 相似文献