交通领域减污降碳协同控制研究回顾及展望

交通运输行业是二氧化碳和空气污染物排放的主要贡献者之一,开展交通领域的减污降碳协同控制政策是实现“双碳”目标和空气污染防治的迫切需要。本研究追溯了交通领域减污降碳协同控制的起源及发展,回顾了交通领域协同减污降碳的主要路径,具体包括交通基础信息协同、交通排放清单编制协同、交通减排目标设定与减排情景分析协同、交通减排技术及措施工具箱协同,以及交通减排保障措施协同。然后,从研究范围、研究方法、协同度评价体系构建、污染相关健康协同效应、研究区域等方面对交通领域减污降碳协同控制的研究实践及特点进行了分析,并相应提出了对未来研究的展望。     

长江三角洲水田保护性耕作制度的碳收集效应估算

耕作制度对农田土壤有机碳的稳定和积累作用显著,探讨耕作制度演变下农田土壤碳库动态,将有助于农田土壤碳收集的技术选择及政策制定。利用已发表的田间定位试验数据,构建不同耕作制度下长江三角洲水田耕层土壤有机碳密度的估算模型。依据该区近20多年来耕作制度演变动态,对保护性耕作制度的土壤碳收集效应进行了初步估算。结果表明,油菜面积的扩大、小麦的少免耕和作物秸秆的还田分别约增加土壤耕层有机碳0.94 Tg、2.76 Tg和3.95 Tg,其中以麦稻复种转向油稻复种的单位面积碳收集效应为最高。最后,就碳收集效应估算的方法进行了相关讨论,并就土壤碳收集研究和如何提高土壤碳收集潜力提出了一些建议。     

三峡库区主要森林植被类型土壤有机碳贮量研究

根据全国森林资源清查资料,按主要优势树种和分布面积将三峡库区主要森林植被划分为马尾松针叶林、栎类混交林、灌木林等11种主要森林植被类型。基于196个土壤剖面数据,分析了11种主要森林植被类型下土壤有机碳含量、碳密度大小和分配特征。研究发现,三峡库区主要森林植被类型下土壤有机碳含量和碳密度均存在较大差异,二者总体上都随土层加深而降低。11种主要森林植被类型中以杉木针叶林土壤有机碳密度最大,达16.0 kg/m2,温性松林下土壤碳密度最小,仅为7.9 kg/m2。不同植被类型下土壤有机碳贮量在土层中的分配比例也不同,以灌木林和柏木林土壤碳贮量在土层间的差异最大。11种主要森林植被类型土壤平均厚度为56.3～98.5 cm,其中杉木针叶林土壤最厚,达98.5 cm,灌丛土壤最薄,平均厚度仅56.3 cm。三峡库区11种主要森林植被类型总面积为3 313 251 hm2,土壤总有机碳贮量为 366.36 t,其中0～10、10～20、20～40和＞40 cm土层分别占22.90%、18.36%、28.33%和30.41%。     

水分管理对水稻生长与根际激发效应的影响特征

作物根际沉积碳输入而引起的根际激发效应,对农田土壤碳排放通量和碳平衡起到关键的调控作用.在稻田生态系统中,由于频繁的干湿交替,土壤CO₂和CH₄排放以及根际激发效应明显有别于其他自然生态系统.因此,明确稻田生态系统干湿交替过程中水稻根际激发效应的方向与强度,对于减缓稻田温室气体排放具有重要意义.本研究采用¹³C-CO₂连续标记法,结合盆栽试验,研究干湿交替和持续淹水条件下,水稻生长以及根际激发效应的响应特征.结果表明,相对于持续淹水处理,干湿交替处理使水稻地上部和根系生物量以及根冠比显著提高,并增加了土壤微生物生物量.持续淹水条件下,¹³CO₂和¹³CH₄排放通量随水稻生长由10.2 μg·（kg·h）^-1和2.8 μg·（kg·h）^-1（63 d）增加到16.0 μg·（kg·h）^-1和3.2 μg·（kg·h）^-1（75 d）.而在干湿交替条件下,经过12 d的落干处理¹³CO₂和¹³CH₄排放通量分别降低了57.5%和88.1%.持续淹水条件下,CO₂和CH₄的根际激发效应表现为正激发效应,而且随水稻的生长而增加.而干湿交替处理下,经过12 d的落干处理,CO₂和CH₄的根际激发效应分别由0.29 mg·（kg·h）^-1和12.3 μg·（kg·h）^-1（63 d）降低到-0.39 mg·（kg·h）^-1和0.07 μg·（kg·h）^-1（75 d）.因此,干湿交替处理,能有效促进水稻生长和降低CH₄的累计排放量.合理地田间水分管理对于提高水稻产量和降低温室气体排放具有重要意义.     

Toward sustainable use of natural resources: Nexus between resource rents,affluence, energy intensity and carbon emissions in developing and transition economies

Sustainable use of natural resources would entail ensuring that derived economic benefits today do not undermine the welfare of generations to come. On this basis, this study examines the nexus between natural resource rents and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions disaggregated into production and consumption-based (i.e., trade-adjusted) CO₂ emissions for a selected panel of 45 developing and transition economies over the period 1995–2017. The empirical model also incorporates the impacts of population, affluence, and energy intensity. The results show that affluence increases production-based CO₂ emissions by 1.407%, with the EKC's predicted inverted U-shaped curve only explaining consumption-based CO₂ emissions. Economic reliance on natural resource rents and energy intensification contribute 0.022% and 0.766%, respectively, to CO₂ emissions embedded in territorial production inventories and 0.035% and 0.583%, respectively, to CO₂ emissions embedded in consumption inventories. The bootstrap non-causality test shows that historical data on each variable has significant predictive power for future CO₂ emissions from both sources. The historical information about natural resource rents has significant predictive power over the future levels of affluence and energy intensity. Clearly, the results show that the environmental impact of natural resource rents is stronger when CO₂ emissions are adjusted for trade and varies among the countries, with Bangladesh, Guinea, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe among the most affected countries. Overall, this study provides motivation for policies to keep the use of natural resources within sustainable limits.     

A discussion to promote global sustainability techniques for motivating plastic waste to minimize carbon footprints

This paper emphasizes the significant challenges facing the sustainable environment, including managing and handling plastic waste and reducing carbon footprints. To tackle these challenges, it is essential to identify people's awareness levels of waste handling techniques and their pro-environmental behaviors. The study focuses on Guwahati, one of the most important cities in Northeast India, which generates increasing plastic waste daily. The paper aims to identify the factors contributing to the reduction of carbon footprints resulting from plastic waste management activities. The data collected from 1326 respondents was analyzed using factor analysis, and the reliability of the dataset was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha (0.84 for the awareness level of waste management techniques and 0.780 for the prevalent mode of plastic waste management techniques). KMO (0.796), Bartlett's test of sphericity (p < 0.001), and determinant score (0.019) were used to assess the data adequacy and factorability of the dataset, and the results were found to be satisfactory. Principal component analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and varimax orthogonal rotation method were used to identify high-loaded factors by reducing the number of variables. The results showed that two highly loaded components, namely awareness level of waste management techniques (AWMT) and prevalent mode of plastic waste management techniques (PWMT), explained 27.53% and 24.34% of the total variance, respectively, with eigenvalues of 3.35 and 2.88. The regression model confirmed the statistical significance of these factors (p < 0.001) and their relationship with the dependent variable, greenhouse reduction (GHGR). The study proposes that minimizing carbon footprints in the environment can be achieved by focusing on a limited number of controllable factors such as AWMT and PWMT. This study provides valuable insights to the authorities in controlling waste generation and achieving a pollution-free environment.     

中国铜产业体系演化的碳中和实现机制研究

本文研究了我国铜产业采选、冶炼、加工和再生等环节的演化趋势,构建了铜产业直接碳排放-能源间接排放-其他间接排放相结合的多层级碳排放核算模型,分析了我国铜产业各环节碳排放演变规律及碳中和实现机制。结果表明：①1980-2020年我国铜精矿、精炼铜、铜加工材、再生铜产品分别增长了6.6倍、 25.1倍、 88.5倍、 37.1倍,受碳中和目标实现对电力需求量增加的影响,预计2060年铜资源消费总量将较2020年提升62.3%,铜资源社会存量将达到3.9亿t,再生铜将于2030年超过原生铜成为主导资源类型。②2020年铜产业的碳排放总量达到2968.2万tCO₂e,其中,采选环节的吨铜碳排放量最高,达到了3.4tCO₂e,是第二位冶炼的2.3倍;冶炼环节的碳排放总量最大,达到铜产业的39.3%;再生环节的降碳效果突出,相较原生采选冶炼环节减少1251.2万tCO₂e;进出口贸易则进一步降低了该产业43.7%的碳排放总量。③预计2060年铜产业碳排放总量将达到1499.8万tCO₂e,通过促进国际贸易、循环经济、技术创新及环境市场建设等举措,可大幅降低产业的碳排放总量,其中国际贸易及循环经济情景的碳减排效果在2030年前均较显著、随后逐渐下降,技术创新及环境市场建设是该产业碳中和目标实现的根本,在2060年的减排潜力分别达到535.9万t及607.9万t。为了更好地促进该产业可持续发展及“双碳”目标实现,建议依托国内国际双循环格局合理调控铜产业结构,秉持全生命周期理念加快构建铜产业绿色供应链,紧随碳中和发展趋势促进资源循环减污降碳协同增效。     

碳标签对低碳购买意愿的作用路径研究——基于亲社会行为调节的中介效应

降低消费阶段的碳排放量对实现国家“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。在此背景下,本研究从碳标签出发,引入“亲社会行为”这一变量,提出研究假设并构建了消费者低碳购买意愿的模型,利用调查问卷和结构方程模型进行数据分析,探究碳标签对消费者低碳购买意愿的影响,并分析亲社会行为在其中的调节作用。研究结果显示,碳标签认知、碳标签宣传均直接影响消费者的低碳购买意愿,碳标签公信力对低碳购买意愿没有直接影响;感知价值和购买态度在碳标签相关因素与低碳购买意愿之间起到完全或部分中介作用;亲社会行为在感知价值和购买态度对低碳购买意愿产生中介效应的链路上具有调节作用。基于研究结果,本文从提高消费者碳标签的认知水平、增强碳标签的宣传效果、提升碳标签的公信力、倡导亲社会的低碳行为等方面提出对策建议,以期通过政府、企业和消费者的多方努力,促进消费者积极参与低碳消费,实现消费领域的低碳变革。     

基于多行业DSGE模型的中国碳减排政策效应

碳达峰和碳中和目标的提出,标志着中国低碳减排进入新的阶段,从国家层面的宏观政策包括各个行业的行业政策都在推行各种低碳减排政策,从行业异质性视角动态分析碳减排政策的效应具有重要的学术和实践意义。为此,构建一个包含环境外部性和碳减排政策的多行业动态随机一般均衡模型,研究许可证交易和碳税两种政策情景下,行业技术冲击、税收政策和减排政策调整冲击对宏观经济、环境和行业排放的动态效应。模拟发现:许可证交易政策情景下,行业技术冲击具有明显的结构性效应,覆盖行业企业减排率上升,排放下降,而未覆盖行业排放随产出上升而上升,而在碳税政策情景下,这种差异并不明显。政府采用盯住总排放波动的碳减排政策能够有效地减少冲击带来的福利损失,提高对维持排放水平的关注程度能够减少相应的福利损失。建议政府有效地权衡经济增长和改善环境二者之间的关系,在不造成大的负面经济影响的前提下,加大减排政策力度,推广和扩大碳交易试点范围,尽快在全国建立统一的碳市场。制定碳减排政策时,考虑碳减排政策收入的返还机制,配以减税的财政政策以刺激经济,缓和减排政策的负面影响。政府应根据排放水平顺周期地动态调整碳减排政策的强度,适当提高对维持排放水平的关注程度。     

A procedure to design a Permeable Adsorptive Barrier (PAB) for contaminated groundwater remediation

A procedure to optimize the design of a Permeable Adsorptive Barrier (PAB) for the remediation of a contaminated aquifer is presented in this paper. A computer code, including different routines that describe the groundwater contaminant transport and the pollutant capture by adsorption in unsteady conditions over the barrier solid surface, has been developed. The complete characterization of the chemical–physical interactions between adsorbing solids and the contaminated water, required by the computer code, has been obtained by experimental measurements. A case study in which the procedure developed has been applied to a tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated aquifer near a solid waste landfill, in the district of Napoli (Italy), is also presented and the main dimensions of the barrier (length and width) have been evaluated. Model results show that PAB is effective for the remediation of a PCE-contaminated aquifer, since the concentration of PCE flowing out of the barrier is everywhere always lower than the concentration limit provided for in the Italian regulations on groundwater quality.