脉动压力风洞试验采样参数确定方法及应用

综合考虑脉动压力风洞试验中的时间延迟效应,以及结构振动响应分析时截止频率相关要求,推导出采样频率的计算公式。依据统计学理论,推导特定置信度和准确度下的采样时间的计算公式,并计及结构振动响应计算中对频率分辨率的要求,建立采样时间的确定方法。从输入参数、计算过程和结果出发,建立了信号采样参数的确定流程。以飞机典型结构脉动压力风洞试验为例,对该方法进行了说明,分析了相似换算后结构原型的脉动压力功率谱密度,结果满足振动响应计算需求,表明所提采样参数确定方法可行有效。该方法理论依据明确,对脉动压力风洞试验设计具有指导意义。     

Experience with first trimester prenatal diagnosis of Menkes disease

We have performed 28 first trimester diagnoses for Menkes disease in 27 high risk pregnancies by direct copper measurement on chorionic villi (c.v.) Two male fetuses were found to be affected because of significantly increased copper content. In one male fetus a slightly increased copper content was observed indicating an exogenous copper contamination of the sample. This view was supported by normal results observed after abortion. Three out of 15 diagnostic c.v. samples with a female karyotype showed increased copper levels. In two of these cases, part of the copper content might have been released from the cannulae used for these particular biopsies. Histochemical visualization of copper accumulation in fixed chorionic villi of two affected fetuses and one female fetus was observed. [⁶⁴Cu]-uptake studies have been performed on 11 diagnostic and 10 control c.v. samples. As the control samples in some cases were found to incorporate more [⁶⁴Cu] than the corresponding diagnostic sample, this method cannot at present be used for diagnosis. Compiled results on newborn females gave evidence that two carriers expressed the paternal X-chromosome, and two carriers expressed the maternal X-chromosome in chorionic villi.     

Maternal cell contamination in cultured chorionic villi: Comparison of chromosome Q-polymorphisms derived from villi,fetal skin,and maternal lymphocytes

Maternal cell contamination of chorionic villi (CV) samples used for first trimester prenatal diagnosis can cause obvious and/or unrecognized diagnostic dilemmas. The purpose of this investigation is to assess the frequency of maternal cell contamination (MCC) in chorionic villus samples and to evaluate selected parameters which might predict where contamination is more likely to have occurred. Maternal lymphocytes, chorionic villi from ultrasonically directed transcervical catheter aspiration, and fetal tissue were obtained at 8–11 weeks gestation from 45 patients undergoing elective termination. Quinacrine (Q) banded metaphases were compared from duplicate direct preparations of chorionic villi; cultured chorionic villi, fetal fibroblast tissue cultures, and maternal lymphocyte cultures. Q-polymorphisms in metaphase chromosomes were 100 per cent concordant between fetal tissue and direct CV preparation. However, evidence for maternal cell contamination occurred in 13.1 per cent of cultured chorionic villi preparations where polymorphisms were found to be identical between maternal and cultured CV and both distinct from fetal tissue preparations. Where MCC was identified, it was noted that CV cell cultivation interval was prolonged (24.2±6.8 days) compared with non-contaminated cultures (14.1±4.4 days) (p <0.05). We conclude that maternal cell contamination is a significant problem with chorionic villus sampling. Where direct preparations are not employed or when cultures are ‘slow growing’, MCC may be a significant and unrecognized complication re: fetal diagnosis. Direct preparations, multiple cultures, quinacrine banding, and maternal Q-polymorphism comparisons can minimize diagnostic dilemmas secondary to maternal cell contamination. Q-polymorphism comparisons between maternal and fetal chromosomes should be included in all instances where cultured chorionic villi are utilized for fetal diagnosis and where direct preparations are not available.     

羧酸类药用活性化合物在生物碳质上的吸附特性

为研究生物碳质吸附在处理水土环境中羧酸类PhACs（药用活性化合物）的作用,通过比表面积、红外光谱、元素分析及电镜扫描对商业水稻秸秆生物碳质的结构与性质进行了讨论,同时研究了生物碳质对不同初始pH及不同初始质量浓度的五种羧酸类PhACs[KTP（酮洛芬）、IBP（布洛芬）、NPX（萘普生）、ASP（阿司匹林）、SYA（水杨酸）]吸附特征的影响.结果表明:吸附过程包括前期快速吸附和后期缓慢吸附至平衡两个阶段;在第一阶段,外表面吸附与大孔及中孔扩散是控制吸附的机制,在第二阶段,生物碳质内表面吸附及基质在微孔中的扩散是影响吸附的主要机制.初始pH为6.0~7.0时,等温吸附数据符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,反映了非均匀性表面的吸附特性.五种羧酸类PhACs在生物碳质上的吸附能力[通过K_d,0.01（特定液相浓度下的单点分配系数）表达]表现为NPX（24.30 g/L）> IBP（15.82 g/L）> KTP（10.44 g/L）> SYA（2.64 g/L）> ASP（1.24 g/L）.溶液初始pH变化对所选PhACs的吸附量有显著影响,初始溶液pH处于pKa±1.0范围内时,所选吸附质的吸附量达到最大值,随着初始pH的升高,所选PhACs主要以阴离子形式存在,同时生物碳质表面负电性增加,增强的静电斥力减弱了氢键作用.研究显示,氢键作用在生物碳质吸附PhACs过程中起到主要促进作用,除此之外,还受到范德华力及π-π电子供受体等多种作用驱动.      

Variance decomposition in two-stage plot sampling: theoretical and empirical results

The statistical properties of two-stage plot sampling estimators of abundance are considered. In the first stage, some spatial units are selected over the whole study area according to a suitable sampling design, while in the second stage, the selected units are surveyed with floating plot sampling to estimate the abundance within. Some insights into the accuracy of the resulting estimators are obtained by splitting the sample variance into the first and second-stage components, while performance is empirically checked by means of a simulation study. Simulation results show that, in most situations, a relevant amount of the overall variance is due to the second stage sampling.     

Order restricted randomized designs and two sample inference

This paper develops a new design that relies on subjective judgment ranking to compare subsets of experimental units. This judgment ranking is used along with restricted randomization to improve statistical inference for the contrast between two levels of a treatment. The new design assigns the judgment ranked units in a subset to different treatments. Such an assignment translates the positive dependence among units within each subset into negative dependence for the estimators of treatment means, and hence leads to a reduction in variance for the contrast. For the proposed design, a test for the difference in means of two treatment levels is developed along with an associated confidence interval. It is shown that the null distribution of the proposed test is approximated reasonably well with the Student’s t-distribution for sample sizes as small as 6. A simulation study indicates that the proposed design is advantageous compared to its competitors in the literature for both high and low quality rankings. The new design’s advantage increases with the quality of rankings.     

Species abundance estimation using point-to-plant sampling in a design-based setting

A new species abundance estimator is proposed when point-to-plant sampling is adopted in a design-based framework. The method is based on the relationship between each species abundance and the probability density function of the relative squared point-to-plant distance. Using this result, a kernel estimator for species abundance is provided and the nearest neighbor method is suggested for bandwidth selection. The proposed estimator requires no assumptions about the species point patterns nor corrections for sampling near the edges of the study region. Moreover, the estimator shows suitable statistical properties as well as good practical performance as is shown in a simulation study.     

Survey methods for assessing land cover map accuracy

The increasing availability of digital photographic materials has fueled efforts by agencies and organizations to generate land cover maps for states, regions, and the United States as a whole. Regardless of the information sources and classification methods used, land cover maps are subject to numerous sources of error. In order to understand the quality of the information contained in these maps, it is desirable to generate statistically valid estimates of accuracy rates describing misclassification errors. We explored a full sample survey framework for creating accuracy assessment study designs that balance statistical and operational considerations in relation to study objectives for a regional assessment of GAP land cover maps. We focused not only on appropriate sample designs and estimation approaches, but on aspects of the data collection process, such as gaining cooperation of land owners and using pixel clusters as an observation unit. The approach was tested in a pilot study to assess the accuracy of Iowa GAP land cover maps. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design addressed sample size requirements for land covers and the need for geographic spread while minimizing operational effort. Recruitment methods used for private land owners yielded high response rates, minimizing a source of nonresponse error. Collecting data for a 9-pixel cluster centered on the sampled pixel was simple to implement, and provided better information on rarer vegetation classes as well as substantial gains in precision relative to observing data at a single-pixel.