Variations annuelles de l'activite nitrifiante d'un sol evaluee au laboratoire

Abstract

The results of the experiment reported in this paper demonstrate the influence of the soil sampling date on soil nitrifying activity, estimated in the laboratory. Treatment with propamocarb leads to parallel and reduced variations of this activity.     

花生壳活性炭对水中荧光素钠的吸附及动力学

H3PO4活化花生壳炭(750℃)为吸附剂,荧光素钠为吸附质.考察了炭化温度、投加量、pH、离子强度、吸附时间以及初始浓度对花生壳活性炭吸附荧光素钠的影响.重点研究了花生壳活性炭对荧光素钠的等温吸附特征,并利用准一级、准二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散方程对花生壳活性炭吸附荧光素钠的动力学过程进行了分析.结果表明,本实验条件下,Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好地描述花生壳活性炭对荧光素钠的吸附效果,吸附强度因子a为正值,表明吸附过程在本实验条件下可自发进行.通过带入实验数据校对得出准二级动力学方程能更好地描述花生壳活性炭对水中荧光素钠的吸附动力学过程.     

采用分层采样技术对场地地下水污染物进行三维空间描述

地下水单一混合层采样所需建井及采样技术较简单,曾被广泛应用于地下水监测,但根据该技术所得地下水污染物数据进行污染场地地下水污染羽和污染程度描述,常常存在较严重的偏差。以某氯代烃污染场地为例,详细阐述了巢式监测井的建井及分层采样技术,并以该场地主要污染物氯乙烯和氯仿为例,对比了来自不同采样技术的两个主要污染物数据,证实了采用分层采样技术对污染场地地下水进行调查,具有更好的准确性和可靠性。     

Field comparison of disjunct and conventional eddy covariance techniques for trace gas flux measurements

A field intercomparison experiment of the disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) and the conventional eddy covariance (EC) techniques was conducted over a grass field. The half-hourly water vapor fluxes measured by the DEC were within the estimated uncertainty from the fluxes measured by the EC. On the average there was a slight overestimation (<10%) of the fluxes measured by the DEC during the day and underestimation during the night as compared to the fluxes measured by the EC. As this bias does not appear in the simulated DEC measurements it is likely to be due to instrumental problems. The insensitivity of the quality of the fluxes measured by the DEC method to the deficiencies in the gas analysis shows the robustness of this new approach for measuring the surface-atmosphere exchange of trace gases.     

Obtaining the porewater composition of a clay rock by modeling the in- and out-diffusion of anions and cations from an in-situ experiment

A borehole in the Callovo–Oxfordian clay rock in ANDRA's underground research facility was sampled during 1 year and chemically analyzed. Diffusion between porewater and the borehole solution resulted in concentration changes which were modeled with PHREEQC's multicomponent diffusion module. In the model, the clay rock's pore space is divided in free porewater (electrically neutral) and diffuse double layer water (devoid of anions). Diffusion is calculated separately for the two domains, and individually for all the solute species while a zero-charge flux is maintained. We explain how the finite difference formulas for radial diffusion can be translated into mixing factors for solutions. Operator splitting is used to calculate advective flow and chemical reactions such as ion exchange and calcite dissolution and precipitation. The ion exchange reaction is formulated in the form of surface complexation, which allows distributing charge over the fixed sites and the diffuse double layer. The charge distribution affects pH when calcite dissolves, and modeling of the experimental data shows that about 7% of the cation exchange capacity resides in the diffuse double layer. The model calculates the observed concentration changes very well and provides an estimate of the pristine porewater composition in the clay rock.     

大华北地区强震发生的空间位置研究

以大华北地区 (2 9°～ 4 2°N ,10 9°～ 12 4°E) 1970年以来发生的 11次ML6 0以上地震为研究对象 ,从地震的空间分布入手 ,来研究强震的发生位置与活动断裂带的关系。结果表明 :(1)强震往往发生在地震带发生明显拐折或相互交汇的部位。 (2 )断裂带对于强震的位置有较好的控制作用。 (3)强震前 1～ 5年内主震所在地震带上b值普遍有高值的过程。     

断面污染物分布均匀度及影响因素研究

水质监测在跨行政区、跨水域功能区、排污总量控制区的水质控制与管理方面有着非常重要的作用,而断面污染物分布均匀与否是水环境监测断面采样是否具备可靠性、合理性和代表性的关键。本文根据监测采样要求提出了断面污染物分布均匀度的概念,即断面污染物分布均匀度是指在污染带内任一垂直于水流方向断面上某一污染物最小浓度值与最大浓度值之比。并就污染物排放量、河流环境水文特征、河流背景浓度、排污方式等断面污染物分布均匀度影响因素进行了分析研究,借助水质模拟技术,反演在上游有排污口情况下如何布置排污方式以满足下游监测采样的要求。这对跨界河流的水质交接、流域水环境质量管理、排污总量控制、水环境监测断面设置等方面的应用具有重要指导和借鉴意义。     

An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States1

Hughes, Robert M., Alan T. Herlihy, and Philip R. Kaufmann, 2010. An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 792-806. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00455.x Abstract: Assessment of stream physical habitat condition is important for evaluating stream quality globally. However, the diversity of metrics and methods for assessing physical habitat condition confounds comparisons among practitioners. We surveyed 51 previously sampled stream sites (0.0-6.3 m wide) located in regions of row-crop agriculture in Oregon, California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia to evaluate the comparability of four indexes of physical habitat condition relative to each other. We also compared the indexes to previously calculated indexes of fish and macroinvertebrate condition. The physical habitat indexes included the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Version 2 of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the qualitative habitat evaluation index of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the rapid bioassessment protocol of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and a qualitative physical habitat index based on USEPA quantitative physical habitat measurements. All four indexes were highly correlated with each other, but low-to-moderately correlated with biotic index scores for fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Moderately high correlations occurred between some macroinvertebrate biotic index scores and quantitative metrics. We conclude that additional research is needed to increase the predictive and diagnostic capabilities of qualitative physical habitat indexes.     

Preparations of TiO2 film coated on foam nickel substrate by sol-gel processes and its photocatalytic activity for degradation of acetaldehyde

Anatase TiO2 films were successfully prepared on foam nickel substrates by sol-gel technique using tetrabutyl titanate as precursor. The characteristics of the TiO2 films were investigated by XPS, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2 films were investigated by photocatalytic degradation reactions of gaseous acetaldehyde, an indoor pollutant, under ultraviolet light irradiation. It was found that Ni^2＋ doping into TiO2 films due to the foam nickel substrates resulted in the extension of absorption edges of TiO2 films from UV region to visible light region. The pre-heating for foam nickel substrates resulted in the formation of NiO layer, which prevented effectively the injection of photogenerated electrons from TiO2 films to metal nickel. The TiO2 films displayed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of acetaldehyde, and were enhanced by calcining the substrates and coating TiO2 films repeatedly. The high activity was mainly attributed to the improvement of the characteristics of substrate surface and the increase of active sites on photocatalyst.     

Response of soil fauna to simulated nitrogen deposition： A nursery experiment in subtropical China

We studied the responses of soil fauna to a simulated nitrogen deposition in nursery experimental plots in Subtropical China. Dissolved NH4NO3 was applied to the soil by spraying twice per month for 16 months, starting January 2003 with treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 gN/(m2·a). Soil fauna was sampled after 6, 9, 13 and 16 months of treatment in three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm). Soil available N increased in correspondence with the increasing N treatment, whereas soil pH decreased. Bacterial and fungal densities were elevated by the N treatment. Soil fauna increased in the lower nitrogen treatments but decreased in the higher N treatments, which might indicate that there was a threshold around 10 gN/(m2·a) for the stimulating effects of N addition. The N effects were dependent on the soil depth and sampling time. The data also suggested that the effects of the different N treatments were related to the level of N saturation, especially the concentration of NO3- in the soil.