重金属离子胁迫对赤潮微藻的急性毒性

重金属污染和赤潮都是较为突出的海洋环境问题,为给相关研究提供基础试验数据,在实验室条件下研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对米氏凯伦藻和微小原甲藻的急性毒性效应. 通过2种藻的EC₅₀(半数抑制浓度)比较了其敏感性差异,分析了不同浓度重金属胁迫对微藻的影响;同时,利用TEM (transmission electronic microscopy,透射电镜技术)和FCM (flow cytometry,流式细胞术)研究了重金属Cu2+的急性毒性胁迫在亚细胞水平上对米氏凯伦藻的损伤. 其中,Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对微小原甲藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为0.514和0.276 mg/L、0.835和1.215 mg/L及4.376和7.976 mg/L;对米氏凯伦藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为1.881和1.881 mg/L、5.405和6.268 mg/L及13.134 和18.732 mg/L. 结果表明:2种微藻的种群相对增长率随着胁迫浓度的增加而下降,3种重金属离子的毒性表现出Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+的趋势,微小原甲藻对重金属胁迫更敏感;Cu2+胁迫可使米氏凯伦藻细胞体积增大,内容物复杂程度增高,但叶绿素a的MFI(mean fluorescence intensity,平均荧光强度)的变化不明显;Cu2+胁迫对藻膜结构的损伤较明显,但对线粒体及叶绿体的结构影响不明显.      

北京不同污染天气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)染毒对大鼠生理病理参数的影响

为探讨北京不同污染天气大气可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)和细颗粒物PM_(2.5)污染对雄性大鼠血常规、氧化损伤、炎症反应和肺组织的影响,将64只雄性8周龄Wistar大鼠随机分为8组,分别为2个对照组(空白组和生理盐水组)和6个染毒组(清洁、雾霾及沙尘暴3种不同天气的PM_(10)染毒组和PM_(2.5)染毒组),每组8只。用2015年3月—5月在北京南海子麋鹿苑采集的清洁、雾霾和沙尘暴3种不同天气的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)制备悬液,分别采用气管滴入PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)悬液作为染毒组,空白对照组不做任何处理,生理盐水对照组采用气管滴注生理盐水。急性染毒24 h后处死大鼠。采集血液测定18个血常规指标,分析肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、白介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量,并在高倍显微镜下观察肺组织和气管病理形态变化。同时,对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中的水溶性离子、有机碳/元素碳、16种多环芳烃和7种重金属等元素进行了测定,并分析了各组分与大鼠生理病理指标的相关性。结果表明:清洁、沙尘暴天气的PM_(10)和雾霾天气的PM_(2.5)急性染毒导致大鼠白细胞系参数即免疫力显著下降。污染天气颗粒物染毒后大鼠BALF氧化炎症因子的改变表明呼吸系统受到感染:沙尘暴和清洁天的PM_(10)染毒均显著提高了TGF-β1,雾霾PM_(10)染毒后IL-6和LDH有一定程度升高。3种天气颗粒物染毒对肺和气管造成的组织病理伤害各有特点,但PM_(2.5)伤害程度普遍大于PM_(10)。染毒颗粒物粒径大小,其化学成分类别、浓度是造成大鼠血常规指标变化、氧化炎症反应和组织学病变的可能原因。     

利用日本青鳉评估胜利油田水体毒性效应

为了评估胜利油田石油开采对水体的影响,采集了东营市主要河流的18个点的水样,实验室条件下利用日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)及鱼卵孵化试验检测水样的急性和慢性毒性效应. 结果显示,18个水样对日本青鳉幼鱼都没有急性毒性;与对照相比,88.9%的水样对青鳉鱼卵孵化有一定的影响,其中72.2%的水样中鱼卵的孵化率差异极显著(P<0.05);数据分析发现,鱼卵的慢性毒性效应与水质检测中的9个单个观测指标没有显著的相关性(P>0.05).利用日本青鳉评价胜利油田水体毒性效应的方法可行,水体对日本青鳉有一定的慢性毒性效应,而水体污染与胜利油田区油井的空间分布没有明显规律性.      

卤代脂肪烃鱼类急性毒性QSAR模型研究

采用量子化学方法对27个卤代烃化合物进行结构优化和频率分析计算,提取其组成、拓扑、几何、静电和量子化学等结构参数描述符,运用启发式方法筛选最佳的结构参数,并建立黑头呆鱼急性毒性线性回归模型和非线性的支持向量机回归模型.模型方程表明卤代烃化合物导致黑头呆鱼的急性毒性可以应用KH1、IC0、EHOMO-LUMO三个参数解释,几何形状,疏水性能和反应活性是影响鱼类急性毒性的主要因素.两个模型均具有较强的模型稳定性、预测性和可信性,可用于准确预测卤代烃在鱼体内的急性毒性.     

河蜾蠃蜚对镉的急性毒性响应(Acute Toxic Effects of Cadmium on Corophium acherusicum （Crustacean, Amphipod）)

端足类生物是沉积物毒性检测的优选受试生物,定量评价污染物质对其的毒性十分必要.为筛选我国端足类生物用于毒性检测,通过加标镉海水的急性毒性实验,检测了端足类河蜾蠃蜚(Corophium acherusicum)对重金属镉的敏感性.结果表明:镉对河蜾蠃蜚的毒性效应与其浓度呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05),且毒性强度随作用时间的延长而增加;镉对河蜾蠃蜚96h半致死浓度(LC50)为1.46mg·L-1,与镉对其他端足类生物的96hLC50具有可比性.     

10种农药对克氏原螯虾幼虾的急性毒性(Acute Toxicity of Ten Pesticides to Larval Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii)

研究了在实验室常温条件下敌杀死、索虫亡、百草一号、敌敌畏、卷清、逐灭(池塘水)、逐灭(自来水)、锐劲特、抑虱净、草甘膦、星科等10种农药对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)幼虾的急性毒性效应.试验结果表明,克氏原螯虾幼虾对不同农药的耐受力相差较大.敌杀死、索虫亡、百草一号、敌敌畏、卷清、逐灭(池塘水)、逐灭(自来水)、锐劲特、抑虱净、草甘膦、星科对克氏原螯虾幼虾的24h半致死浓度(24hLC50)分别为4.62×10-3、2.28×10-2、16.7、2.57×10-1、4.73×10-3、8.91×10-2、2.97×10-2、8.90×10-2、8.08、5.52×103、3.64×10-1mg·L-1;48h半致死浓度(48hLC50)分别为3.07×10-3、1.46×10-2、15.8、1.98×10-1、4.33×10-3、3.48×10-2、1.48×10-2、6.01×10-2、6.47、4.06×103、1.99×10-1mg·L-1;其安全浓度(SC)分别为4.07×0-4、1.80×10-3、4.16、3.72×10-2、1.09×10-3、1.59×10-3、1.10×10-3、8.22×10-3、1.24、6.59×102、1.78×10-2mg·L-1.相比之下,草甘膦对克氏原螯虾幼虾的毒性最低,百草一号的毒性也相对较低,可以作为稻虾混养系统病虫害防治的首选,而敌杀死、卷清等对克氏原螯虾幼虾的毒性极高,应尽量避免使用.     

多环芳烃（萘）对火腿许水蚤（Schmackeria poplesia）急性和慢性毒性效应的研究(A Study on the Acute and Chronic Effects of NAPH on Schmackeria poplesia)

为初步探讨内分泌干扰物多环芳烃对海洋桡足类生物所产生的生物效应,研究了萘对火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)的急性毒性作用及其在1.6μg·L-1、16μg·L-1、160μg·L-1浓度下对火腿许水蚤变态率、存活率、繁殖力、性别比和体长的影响.结果显示,萘对火腿许水蚤48hLC50和96hLC50分别为4589.34μg·L-1和1559.55μg·L-1;各浓度萘均引起火腿许水蚤幼体的变态率显著降低;160μg·L-1萘条件下,火腿许水蚤的存活率、产卵率和抱卵雌体比率均显著降低;各浓度的萘对火腿许水蚤的性别比和体长均未造成显著影响.研究表明,在目前的环境浓度下,多环芳烃(萘)对海洋桡足类生物可能造成的生态风险较低.     

Ergonomic Program Effectiveness: Ergonomic and Medical Intervention

The implementation of a successful ergonomic and medical intervention program designed to reduce the number and severity of injuries and illnesses and the associated levels of discomfort in the workplace is presented. Because of the recent activity concerning the on-again-off-again Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Ergonomic Program Standard questions have been raised as to the value and effectiveness of an organization’s ergonomics program. In light of these concerns, the immense cost associated with work-related injury and illness, and the related pain and suffering associated with such injuries and illnesses, it is important to present a workable and effective ergonomic and medical intervention program. The results of this applied study demonstrate that through the application of an ergonomic and medical intervention program, workplace-related injuries and illnesses can be reduced or eliminated.     

Attributes of Occupational Injury Among Workers in the Chemical Industry and Safety Issues

Case-study research was carried out with a view to find the attributes of occupational injury among workers in the chemical industry and to enhance safety issues. Injury data were collected and processed in terms of different variables, such as age, gender, skills, type of hazard, etc. Pareto analysis was then applied to find a pattern of occupational injury among the workers. The study revealed that 79.52% of the injured workers were in the 40–59 age group; 57.14% of accidents occurred during the 1st shift; 73.26% of accidents caused injury to hands, feet, chest to thigh, arms and eyes; and 70.93% of injuries were caused by pumps, carrying and lifting, vehicles, pipelines, valves, and grinding. Surprisingly, no one was injured in the group of temporary workers. The paper also provides specific suggestions followed by some action plans.     

The impact of implementation of the requirements of Standard No. OHSAS 18001:2007 to reduce the number of injuries at work and financial costs in the Republic of Croatia

This article contains the results of research into the impact of implementation of the requirements mentioned in Standard No. OHSAS 18001:2007 to reduce the number of injuries at work and the financial costs incurred in this way. The study was conducted on a determined sample by a written questionnaire survey method in the Republic of Croatia. The objective of the empirical research is to determine the impact of implementation of the requirements of Standard No. OHSAS 18001:2007 to reduce the number of injuries at work and financial costs in Croatia in business organizations that implement these requirements. To provide a broader picture, the research included the collection and analysis of data on the impact of the Standard No. OHSAS 18001:2007 on accidents and fatalities at work. Research findings are based on the analysis of performed statistical data where correlation and regression analysis has been applied.