烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术探讨

开发先进的烟气治理技术,控制二氧化硫和氮氧化物排放是国内外脱硫脱硝研究的一大热点。本文简述了同时脱硫脱硝技术的工作机理及其优缺点,从反应机理、技术特点和工程应用等方面,介绍了烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术的研究进展情况,并对其应用前景进行了预测。     

乡村旅游发展动力机制研究——黄金山市实证分析

我国乡村旅游发展已进入新的阶段,不同的地区需要根据自身的特点寻找其发展的核心动力.基于此,在众多乡村旅游文献的基础上总结出乡村旅游发展的四种动力:核心景区驱动力、资源内生动力、城镇促动力、交通促动力.然后,选取黄山市乡村对这四种动力机制进行实证分析,以此验证四种动力的现实性与实用性.     

老鹰岩滑坡基本特征及危害性分析

通过分析老鹰岩滑坡的地质环境特征和形态特征,揭示其形成机制和产生的危害,最后根据该区地质灾害特点,提出了灾后恢复重建的相关建议。     

球衣菌（Sphaerotilus natans）吸附Ag~＋的影响因素及其机理

采用球衣菌（Sphaerotilus natans）为生物吸附剂,研究了初始离子浓度、吸附剂用量、菌龄、pH值、温度和吸附时间等因素对其吸附硝酸银溶液模拟废水中Ag＋的影响及其吸附机理.结果表明,球衣菌在初始Ag＋14 m.gL-1、吸附剂用量0.2.gL-1、菌龄32 h、pH 8、温度30℃、吸附时间60 m in...     

Ecosystem states: Creating a data-derived, ecosystem-scale ecological response model that is explicit in space and time

Increasing difficulties associated with balancing consumptive demands for water and achieving ecological benefits in aquatic ecosystems provide opportunities for new ecosystem-scale ecological response models to assist managers. Using an Australian estuary as a case study, we developed a novel approach to create a data-derived state-and-transition model. The model identifies suites of co-occurring birds, fish, benthic invertebrates and aquatic macrophytes (as ‘states’) and the changing physico-chemical conditions that are associated with each (‘transitions’). The approach first used cluster analysis to identify sets of co-occurring biota. Differences in the physico-chemical data associated with each state were identified using classification trees, with the biotic distinctness of the resultant statistical model tested using analysis of similarities. The predictive capacity of the model was tested using new cases. Two models were created using different time-steps (annual and quarterly) and then combined to capture both longer-term trends and more-recent declines in ecological condition. We identified eight ecosystem states that were differentiated by a mix of water-quantity and water-quality variables. Each ecosystem state represented a distinct biotic assemblage under well-defined physico-chemical conditions. Two ‘basins of attraction’ were identified, with four tidally-influenced states, and another four independent of tidal influence. Within each basin, states described a continuum of relative health, manifest through declining taxonomic diversity and abundances. The main threshold determining relative health was whether freshwater flows had occurred in the region during the previous 339 days. Canonical analyses of principal coordinates tested the predictive capacity of the model and demonstrated that the variance in the environmental data set was well captured (87%) with 52% of the variance in the biological data set also captured. The latter increased to >80% when long- and short-term biological data were analysed separately, indicating that the model described the available data for the Coorong well. This approach thus created a data-derived, multivariate model, where neither states nor transitions were determined a priori. The approach did not over-fit the data, was robust to patchy or missing data, the choice of initial clustering technique and random errors in the biological data set, and was well-received by local natural resource managers. However, the model did not capture causal relationships and requires additional testing, particularly during future episodes of ecological recovery. The approach shows significant promise for simplifying management definitions of ecological condition and, via scenario analyses, can be used to assist in manager decision-making of large, complex aquatic ecosystems in the future.     

Co-benefits and additionality of the clean development mechanism: An empirical analysis

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows industrialized countries to comply with the Kyoto Protocol by using carbon offsets from developing countries. There are two puzzles within this carbon market: additionality (the proposed activity would not have occurred in its absence) and co-benefits (the project has other environmental benefits besides climate mitigation). This paper proposes an econometric approach to evaluate the CDM effect on sulfur dioxide emission reductions and assess its additionality indirectly. Our empirical model is applied to China's emissions at the prefecture level. We found that the CDM does not have a statistically significant effect in lowering sulfur dioxide emissions. This result casts doubt on additionality of these CDM activities, that is, they would have happened anyway.     

Resource allocation in two species systems: Is it worth acknowledging species interactions?

It is becoming increasingly popular to consider species interactions when managing ecological foodwebs. Such an approach is useful in determining how management can affect multiple species, with either beneficial or detrimental consequences. Identifying such actions is particularly valuable in the context of conservation decision making as funding is severely limited. This paper outlines a new approach that simplifies the resource allocation problem in a two species system for a range of species interactions: independent, mutualism, predator-prey, and competitive exclusion. We assume that both species are endangered and we do not account for decisions over time. We find that optimal funding allocation is to the conservation of the species with the highest marginal gain in expected probability of survival and that, across all except mutualist interaction types, optimal conservation funding allocation differs between species. Loss in efficiency from ignoring species interactions was most severe in predator-prey systems. The funding problem we address, where an ecosystem includes multiple threatened species, will only become more commonplace as increasing numbers of species worldwide become threatened.     

氮沉降对森林土壤碳收支机制的影响

森林土壤储存着全球陆地生态系统大约45%的碳,在维持全球碳平衡方面具有重要的作用。不断加剧的全球氮沉降对森林生态系统碳循环和碳吸存产生了深刻的影响,进而改变了森林生态系统的生产力和生物量积累。本文以欧洲和北美温带地区开展的有关氮沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究为基础,提炼出最可能决定加氮影响碳输入、输出效应方向和大小的因素：凋落物分解、细根周转、外生菌根真菌、土壤呼吸及可溶性有机碳淋失,并探讨了森林生态系统碳动态对氮沉降响应的不确定性。陆地生态系统碳氮循环密切相关,由于氮循环的复杂性,尽管以往碳循环研究都考虑了氮对碳循环的限制作用,但在碳氮循环耦合机理方面的研究还比较少见。在未来研究中,应通过探寻森林土壤碳氮相互作用特征,及土壤微生物、土壤酶等与土壤碳氮过程的互动机制,来增进氮沉降对森林碳储量和碳通量的理解。     

两种典型持久性有机污染物对草履虫急性毒性初探

滴滴涕和苯并芘这两种典型持久性有机污染物在环境中已广泛分布,因此,本研究利用单细胞真核模式生物-草履虫来研究其急性毒性效应,结果发现其毒性效应存在显著的剂量效应关系.DDT和BaP的半数致死浓度分别为126.012 mg·L-1和180.167 mg·L-1,且这两种污染物的浓度和概率间存在很好的线性关系.不同浓度的D...     

曝气复氧对底泥氮素生物地球化学循环影响的作用机制研究

通过分析底泥氮污染物释放规律和转化过程,以及底泥生境、氮形态变化和氮循环功能微生物群落结构变化的规律,探讨了不同曝气复氧条件影响底泥氮生物地球化学循环的生物代谢、物理化学联合作用的机制。结果表明：曝气复氧对底泥中氮的生物地球化学循环影响是一个包括微生物代谢作用和物理化学作用的复杂联合作用过程。水体好氧环境的改变主要引起参与底泥氮循环的硝化、亚硝化和反硝化功能菌群群落结构的演变,对异养菌和氨化菌的影响不大,证明环境好氧条件的改变对底泥有机质生物分解产生氨氮的微生物代谢过程影响不大,主要对底泥释放的氨氮硝化、反硝化等生物转化过程产生大的影响。不同溶解氧条件下,底泥释放的氮素在微生物作用下主要以NH4＋-N和NO3--N的形式进入试验体系,并在特定的氧化还原电位（临界值-200 mV）和pH（临界值6.70）条件下通过物理化学作用在底泥中以离子交换态氮（IEF-N）、碳酸盐结合态氮（CF-N）、铁锰氧化态氮（IMOF-N）及有机态和硫化物结合态氮（OSF-N）等不同形态氮相互转化,同时,在氮的转化和循环过程中部分输入上覆水体。在低溶解氧组实验条件下[ρ（DO）〈0.5 mg.L-1],底泥向水体输出氮总量为底泥可转化态氮的19.7%,主要为氨氮,最大释放速率达到289.13 mg.m-2.d-1,释放的质量浓度可达到18.8 mg.L-1;好氧条件下（DO饱和）,底泥向水体输出氮总量为底泥可转化态氮的1.8%;好氧-缺氧条件下为11.7%,主要以N2的形式释出系统。