添加物对填埋场稳定化时间的影响

在垃圾中添加ＫＣｌ、ＫＨ２ＰＯ４、（ＮＨ４）２ＣＯ３，ＦｅＣｌ２时，对垃圾降解和填埋场稳定化时间的缩短有促进作用，而ＣｕＳＯ４、Ｋ２Ｃ４２Ｏ７、Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４、Ｎａ２ＷＯ４、醋酸的加入则抑制了垃圾的降解，认为ＫＣｌ是促进垃圾降解，加速填埋场稳定化的最佳添加物。     

Experimental and modeling investigations on the unexpected hydrogen sulfide rebound in a sewer receiving nitrate addition: Mechanism and solution

Biogenic hydrogen sulfide is an odorous, toxic and corrosive gas released from sewage in sewers. To control sulfide generation and emission, nitrate is extensively applied in sewer systems for decades. However, the unexpected sulfide rebound after nitrate addition is being questioned in recent studies. Possible reasons for the sulfide rebounds have been studied, but the mechanism is still unclear, so the countermeasure is not yet proposed. In this study, a lab-scale sewer system was developed for investigating the unexpected sulfide rebounds via the traditional strategy of nitrate addition during 195-days of operation. It was observed that the sulfide pollution was even severe in a sewer receiving nitrate addition. The mechanism for the sulfide rebound can be differentiated into short-term and long-term effects based on the dominant contribution. The accumulation of intermediate elemental sulfur in biofilm resulted in a rapid sulfide rebound via the high-rate sulfur reduction after the depletion of nitrate in a short period. The presence of nitrate in sewer promoted the microorganism proliferation in biofilm, increased the biofilm thickness, re-shaped the microbial community and enhanced biological denitrification and sulfur production, which further weakened the effect of nitrate on sulfide control during the long-term operation. An optimized biofilm-initiated sewer process model demonstrated that neither the intermittent nitrate addition nor the continuous nitrate addition was a sustainable strategy for the sulfide control. To minimize the negative impact from sulfide rebounds, a (bi)monthly routine maintenance (e.g., hydraulic flushing with nitrate spike) to remove the proliferative microorganism in biofilm is necessary.     

标准加入分光光度法测定废水中六价铬

本文将标准加入定量技术运用于分光光度分析中，成功地排除了废水六价铬测定中复杂的基体干扰。     

环境监测站如何通过盲样和加标回收考核

探讨了盲样和加标回收两种实验室考核中应注意的细节,介绍了通过考核的一些经验技巧,为实验人员提供了值得借鉴的信息。     

利用加标回收率完成水环境的监测研究

针对利用加标回收率完成水环境的监测探讨问题,文中介绍了加标回收率理论知识,讨论了加标回收率的应用现状,主要对公式中"加标量"的探讨和公式中"加标量"的量纲进行了讨论,提出了加标回收的实验方法介绍了比色法测定加标回收,包括比色法测定加标回收和比色法的预处理,容量法测定加标回收和其他方法测定加标回收,结合水环境监测中的比色法、容量法等常用方法对加标回收率计算,为完成水环境的监测探讨的准确测定,奠定了实验基础。     

Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

碳添加对土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响——以松嫩平原盐碱耕地为例

采用高通量测序技术,研究秸秆、生物炭和纳米碳3种碳源添加对盐碱耕地土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,并分析土壤化学性质与固碳细菌群落多样性的关系.结果表明：3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落多样性,其中生物炭和纳米碳添加的土壤固碳细菌的Chao1指数、物种多样性、Shannon指数及系统多样性值均高于秸秆添加的.3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落的物种丰度,其中纳米碳添加的物种丰度大于秸秆和生物炭添加的.在群落组成方面及相对丰度上,3种碳源添加后的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）,均在纳米碳添加后相对丰度最高,分别为90.38%、57.79%.群落组间差异分析结果显示,秸秆和纳米碳添加后土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异显著.冗余分析结果表明,土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及有效磷的综合影响,其中土壤pH值和有效磷含量是影响土壤固碳细菌群落结构的主要化学性质.综合来看,在盐碱耕地中添加秸秆、生物炭或纳米碳,都抑制了土壤固碳细菌群落的多样性和物种丰度,但纳米碳能够增加土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异.     

氮磷添加下黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤呼吸速率日变化特征

为探究黄土丘陵区退耕草地土壤呼吸及其组分日变化对氮磷添加的响应,采用裂区试验设计,主区施氮[0,50和100kg N/（hm²·a）]和副区施磷[0,40和80kg P₂O₅/（hm²·a）],于2019年5~8月每月测定各处理下土壤呼吸速率、异养呼吸速率及土壤温度和含水量日变化.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率及其组分日变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在12：00~14：00.与不施肥相比,土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸速率在单施氮下分别增加7.31%~13.13%,1.12%~12.43%和7.64%~46.26%,单施磷下分别增加16.84%~18.42%,11.48%~14.22%和17.15%~29.59%,氮磷配施下分别增加24.17%~27.30%,21.94%~32.43%和34.05%~41.26%.不同氮磷添加下土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸碳排放量昼占比分别为52.68%~61.37%,50.92%~58.70%和51.39%~76.35%.50kg N/（hm²·a）和80kg P₂O₅/（hm²·a）配施处理的土壤累积CO₂排放量（2012g/m²）最高,不施肥处理的土壤累积CO₂排放量（1531g/m²）最低.各处理的土壤呼吸,异养呼吸和自养呼吸均与土壤温度呈显著指数正相关关系,其温度敏感性（Q₁₀）变化范围分别为1.19~1.86,1.08~1.81和1.11~3.67,氮磷添加降低异养呼吸的Q₁₀值,但提高自养呼吸的Q₁₀值.总体表明,氮磷添加增加土壤呼吸及其组分速率,降低异养呼吸的温度敏感性,氮磷添加对土壤呼吸及其组分速率的促进效果与氮磷添加量及其配比有关.     

污水厂尾水受纳河段沉积物磷形态及释放风险效应

2018年10月～2019年4月,在合肥市板桥河的蔡田铺污水厂尾水排放口上、下游河道4个采样点位,按照每两个月采样一次的频率采集沉积物和上覆水样,分析尾水排放对河道沉积物磷形态及磷平衡浓度(EPC_0)的影响,解析沉积物磷平衡浓度及磷释放风险的外源碳(乙酸钠)响应.结果表明,板桥河水体沉积物磷素受污水厂尾水影响较大,排放口上、下游沉积物总磷均值分别为789. 39 mg·kg~(-1)和854. 41 mg·kg~(-1),生物有效性磷均值分别为157. 19 mg·kg~(-1)和173. 37 mg·kg~(-1); 4个采样点的EPC_0值大小排序为:SP1 SP2 SP3 CP,表明尾水排入提高了河流EPC_0,致使河流沉积物磷释放风险增加;外源碳的添加明显降低沉积物的EPC_0值,特别是紧邻排放口的SP1下降最为显著,表明外源碳添加对降低沉积物磷释放风险有效.     

氮磷添加对盐渍化草地土壤微生物特征的影响

盐渍化草地土壤养分含量低,自然条件差,尤其是大量元素氮和磷的含量低于天然非盐渍化草地.盐渍化草地中的土壤微生物由于长期受盐或碱的胁迫,群落组成与结构也区别于非盐渍化天然草地.盐渍化草地土壤微生物受养分限制叠加盐碱胁迫如何响应氮、磷添加的机制尚不清楚.本研究在山西省右玉县境内的盐渍化草地进行,2017年建立了氮磷添加实验平台,包括对照、氮添加、磷添加及氮和磷同时添加的4个处理,于实验处理的第3年(2020年)测定生长季5～9月氨氧化微生物(氨氧化细菌:AOB和氨氧化古菌:AOA)、土壤真菌(fungi,F)和细菌(bacteria,B)的组成以及土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN),结合土壤盐基阳离子及pH值的变化,探讨盐渍化草地土壤微生物特征对氮、磷添加的响应及其机制.结果表明:①2020年5～9月,采样时间显著影响土壤AOA和AOB的丰度、细菌真菌组成及微生物生物量;土壤微生物的季节动态是由土壤含水量,生长季降水分配及植物因素共同调控的.②与对照组相比,AOA/AOB的比值在氮添加处理下显著降低51％;磷添加对土壤微生物特征(氨氧化微生物、细菌真菌组成和微生物生物量)无显著影响;在氮和磷同时添加处理下,AOB的丰度显著提高了 64.1％,AOA的丰度无显著改变,但AOA/AOB显著降低59.6％.③单独氮或磷添加对土壤pH值无显著影响,但氮和磷同时添加显著降低了土壤pH值;尽管氮、磷添加对土壤盐基阳离子无显著影响,结构方程模型结果显示,土壤盐基阳离子对土壤微生物(细菌和真菌组成)具有直接的调控作用.④土壤含水量对土壤微生物的变异具有较高的解释度.因此,本研究表明AOB对养分添加的响应比较敏感,短期氮和磷添加提高AOB的数量,促进氮的周转.