添加剂促进亚硫酸钙氧化的实验研究

在湿式石灰石-石膏法脱硫工艺中，副产物——亚硫酸钙的氧化是其中重要的化学过程。利用自行设计的实验室规模的反应装置，通过改变pH、亚硫酸钙浓度、空气流量、催化剂浓度和温度等条件，实验研究了多种添加剂对亚硫酸钙氧化的促进作用。实验结果可为湿法脱硫工艺的设计提供有益的参考。     

高温老化气氛对单钯三元催化剂活性的影响

本文制备了一种含Y、Ce和Zr的单钯三元催化剂(Pd-YCZ).在1050℃下,分别于空气和配气中对这一催化剂进行了高温老化,并对其催化活性进行了测试.实验结果表明,Pd-YCZ在空气中老化后的活性优于其在配气中老化后的活性.     

Influence of Processing Additives on the Degradation of Melt-Pressed Films of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) and Poly(Lactic Acid)

Melt-pressed films of polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with processing additives, CaCO₃, SiO₂, and erucamide, were subjected to pure fungal cultures Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium simplicissimum and to composting. The PCL films showed a rapid weight loss with a minor reduction in the molecular weight after 45 days in A. fumigatus. The addition of SiO₂ to PCL increased the rate of (bio)erosion in A. fumigatus and in compost. The use of a slip additive, erucamide, was shown to modify the properties of the film surface without decreasing the rate of bio(erosion). Both the rate of weight loss and the rate of molecular weight reduction of PCL increased with decreasing film thickness. The addition of CaCO₃ to PLA significantly reduced the thermal degradation during processing, but it also reduced the rate of the subsequent (bio)degradation in the pure fungal cultures. PLA without additives and PLA containing SiO₂ exhibited the fastest (bio)degradation, followed by PLA with CaCO₃. The degradation of the PLA films was initially governed by chemical hydrolysis, followed by an acceleration of the weight change and of the molecular weight reduction. PLA film subjected to composting exhibits a rapid decrease in molecular weight, which then remains unchanged during the measurement period, probably because of crystallization.     

Concentrations of phthalate esters and identification of other additives in PVC children’s toys

This study was intended to provide data on the composition of soft PVC toys, addressing the widest practicable range of chemical additives and including non-phthalate additives. The study also included toys from as many countries as possible, since for many, no data were available. A total of 72 toys were purchased in 17 countries. The majority (64) were PVC or had PVC sections. In almost all the soft PVC toys analysed, phthalates comprised a sizeable proportion (most frequently 10–40%) of the total weight of the toy. The predominant phthalates detected were diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Other phthalates identified in high concentrations in some toys include isomeric mixes of diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). The estrogenic chemical nonylphenol was isolated from 13 toys, while 2 toys were found to contain the fungicide Fungitrol 11 (Folpet). 78% of PVC toys contained one or more extractable organic compounds in addition to those reported above. Some of these data have been released previously by Greenpeace and made available on the internet.This report, however, which is intended for a technically expert audience, has been peer reviewed and contains further analytical data that have not been published before.     

钠添加剂对NOxOUT工艺影响的研究

在苯胺废液流化床焚烧实验装置上进行了以尿素做还原剂的选择性非催化还原脱硝(NOxOUT)试验,研究了不同钠添加剂(Na2CO3、NaOH和NaCl)对脱硝率以及温度窗口的影响.结果显示:微量的钠添加剂即可明显促进脱硝反应,脱硝率随着钠添加剂用量的增加而升高,钠添加剂通过产生·OH活性基团从而促进脱硝反应,3种钠添加剂对脱硝效果促进作用大小依次为NaOH、Na2CO3、NaCl,在温度为900~950℃,氨氮比为1.5,空气过剩系数为1.0~1.2时,NOxOUT脱硝率达到最大值.利用热力学原理计算出NOxOUT脱硝反应的摩尔反应焓、摩尔反应吉布斯函数、化学平衡常数等热力学参数,结果表明NOxOUT脱硝是热力学可行的.     

含酸性添加剂的细水雾洗消氨气的性能研究

为提高细水雾对氨气的洗消效率,研究了两种复合型酸性添加剂MZ—1和MZ-2对细水雾的物理化学性质及洗消性能的影响。采用三维激光多普勒测速计和自适应相位多普勒速度计系统（LDV／APV）测量了含有MZ添加剂的细水雾和纯细水雾的雾滴粒径及速度的变化。通过小尺度模拟实验比较了含添加剂的细水雾和纯细水雾洗消氨气的效能高低。对实验结果的分析表明洗消剂中各成分之间的物理化学耦合作用提高了细水雾的洗消效率：表面活性剂组分降低了溶液的表面张力,减小了雾滴粒径,增大了细水雾与氨气的接触面积,而酸性电解质组分则可以与氨气发生化学反应,增强洗消剂的化学洗消作用。