含裂隙岩石裂纹扩展与剪切特性的数值研究*

为研究直剪条件下含交叉裂隙岩石的裂纹扩展模式和剪切特性,基于PFC2D研究直剪条件下含裂隙岩石的裂纹扩展模式和剪切特性。研究结果表明:直剪过程可分4个阶段:Ⅰ初始平静阶段、Ⅱ裂纹单一扩展阶段、Ⅲ裂纹复杂扩展阶段、Ⅳ破坏阶段;法向应力越大,Ⅱ,Ⅲ阶段的裂纹扩展程度受到抑制;岩石中含单裂隙时,随裂隙角度α的增加,抗剪强度的变化趋势基本一致,遵循先降后增的规律;含交叉裂隙时,当主裂隙角度α=120°,150°时,抗剪强度随次裂隙角度β的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,抗剪强度最小值均出现在β=30°;加固含裂隙岩体时,预防裂隙或者潜在破坏面两侧的岩体产生位移差,使其加固后成为1个稳固整体,是避免岩体产生裂纹导致破坏的重要手段。     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.     

硝酸异辛酯热安定性的实验研究

使用加速量热仪(ARC)研究硝酸异辛酯(EHN)的热分解,得到热分解温度随时间的变化曲线,自放热速率、分解压力随温度的变化曲线以及分解压力随升温速率的变化曲线。分析在绝热条件下硝酸异辛酯的热分解反应动力学和热分解过程,计算表观活化能、指前因子和反应热等参数。根据绝热热分解的起始温度和反应热数据,给出硝酸异辛酯在反应危险度等级中的分类,并计算在75℃时的反应风险指数。     

砂-聚苯乙烯颗粒轻质混合填料的剪切强度特性

砂-聚苯乙烯颗粒填料是一种以砂土和聚苯乙烯颗粒组成的轻质混合填料。通过轻质填料的直剪试验,研究其剪切强度的特性、强度影响因素及其机制。研究发现,轻质填料的剪切强度具有最优含水率(本文为10%),若大于或者小于最优含水率,剪切强度都将减小;轻质填料的剪切强度主要由4个分量构成:颗粒滑动、剪胀、挤碎和重新排列,以及因聚苯乙烯收缩而引起的颗粒移动和重排分量;轻质填料的剪切强度还受聚苯乙烯含量及法向应力(或围压)的影响,其剪切强度随聚苯乙烯含量的增加而减小,随法向应力的增加而增加;轻质填料的内摩擦角随着配比的增加而减小,凝聚力随配比的增加而增大。     

颗粒体材料在压缩位移控制加载条件下的力学行为及界面参数对它的影响

采用连续介质快速拉格朗日分析程序(FLAC),模拟了颗粒体材料在压缩位移控制加载条件下的力学行为及破坏过程.颗粒及它们之间的界面被离散为尺寸相同的单元.颗粒被视为各向同性的弹性材料,而界面被视为弹性-应变软化-理想塑性材料.界面完全破坏之后,其内聚力为零而内摩擦角不为零,因而适于模拟颗粒之间的摩擦行为.在双轴压缩条件下...     

成都市2015—2019年臭氧浓度夜间变化及成因分析

利用2015—2019年成都市每日逐时地面O₃监测资料和同期气象数据,通过模拟和计算区域水平、铅直流场和大气静力稳定度支配参数(R_i),对成都市夜间O₃浓度第二峰值的反常现象进行统计分析和原因追踪。研究结果表明:成都市2015—2019年夜间O₃浓度第二峰值出现频率为17%,造成O₃浓度夜间反常现象的原因是雅安市山风将高空O₃输送至地面,而后平流至成都市,或本地高空湍流破坏夜间稳定层,将上层残留层储存的白天高浓度O₃送至近地面,加之夜晚绝大部分污染源停止排放,消耗O₃的物质大幅减少,造成地面O₃浓度的夜间反常变化。引起高空湍流的方式有2种:一是风向切变,且至少切变45°,风向切变角度越大,湍流强度越大,引起残留层向下增长的幅度越大;二是风速切变,且切变层风速要大于上、下层风速2 m/s,切变风速越大,湍流强度就越大,残留层向下增长的幅度就越大,低空急流是风速切变的极端表现。     

某型波段开关瞬动动作特性及失效机理

目的 研究某型波段开关瞬动动作特性及磨损失效机理。方法 通过建立瞬动机构物理模型,进行瞬动机构滑动件受力分析、转动力矩随旋转角度变化分析,研究瞬动开关瞬动动作特性,分析并探讨瞬动机构的磨损失效机理。结果 在波段开关的瞬动角度范围内,瞬动力矩随着转动角度θ的增加呈先增大、后减小的趋势。在瞬动初始状态,旋转力矩为最小值1.2 kg·cm;当瞬动处于中间位置（瞬动角度为16°）时,转动力矩为最大值1.5 kg·cm;随着转动角度θ继续增大,转动力矩不断减小,最终恢复至初始值,与实物瞬动复位功能相符。瞬动机构滑动件受基座的正压力N随转动角度θ的增加而增大。基座塑料受过大压力产生磨损,使转动（复位）力矩降低,滑动件无法复位,导致瞬动功能失效。结论 某型波段开关瞬动功能由滑动件钢球、基座长弧形斜坡、接触压力保证,弧面磨损致使钢球所受接触压力分量不足,导致瞬动功能失效,该失效机制为疲劳磨损失效。可通过改变基座材料、滑动件结构或材料以及改善瞬动机构工作条件来提高瞬动寿命和可靠性。     

江苏及近海地区构造环境剪应力场的跟踪分析

利用江苏数字地震台网近两年记录的 85个中、小地震数字资料 ,调整了计算参数 ,继续对我省及邻近地区的环境剪应力场作了追踪计算。得出我省及邻区、近海地区几个应力值相对较高的需要注意的地区。     

Environmental Impact of Undular Tidal Bores in Tropical Rivers

A tidal bore impacts significantly on the estuarine ecosystem, although little is known on the flow field, mixing and sediment motion beneath tidal bores. In the absence of detailed systematic field measurements, a quasi-steady flow analogy was applied to investigate undular tidal bores with inflow Froude numbers between 1.25 and 1.6. Experimental results indicated that rapid flow redistributions occur beneath the free-surface undulations, with significant variations in bed shear stress between wave crests and troughs. Dynamic similarity was used to predict detailed flow characteristics of undular tidal bores. The effects of periodic loading on river sediments, scour of river bed and flow mixing behind the bore are discussed. A better understanding of these processes will contribute to better management practices in tidal bore affected rivers, including the Styx and Daly rivers in tropical Australia.     

Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability as a Boundary-Value Problem

The Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability is traditionally viewed as an initial-value problem, wherein wave perturbations of a two-layer shear flow grow over time into billows and eventually generate vertical mixing. Yet, the instability can also be viewed as a boundary-value problem. In such a framework, there exists an upstream condition where a lighter fluid flows over a denser fluid, wave perturbations grow downstream to eventually overturn some distance away from the point of origin. As the reverse of the traditional problem, this flow is periodic in time and exhibits instability in space. A natural application is the mixing of a warmer river emptying into a colder lake or reservoir, or the salt-wedge estuary. This study of the KH instability from the perspective of a boundary-value problem is divided into two parts. Firstly, the instability theory is conducted with a real frequency and complex horizontal wavenumber, and the main result is that the critical wavelength at the instability threshold is longer in the boundary-value than in the initial-value situation. Secondly, mass, momentum and energy budgets are performed between the upstream, unmixed state on one side, and the downstream, mixed state on the other, to determine under which condition mixing is energetically possible. Cases with a rigid lid and free surface are treated separately. And, although the algebra is somewhat complicated, both end results are identical to the criterion for complete mixing in the initial-value problem.