除草剂在土壤中的吸附行为研究

除草剂在土壤上的吸附和解吸行为是支配该除草剂在环境中的生物有效性和持久性的重要因素之一 ,同时对于预测除草剂在土壤和潜层水中的运动也是有重要作用。本文从吸附机理、实验技术、动力学、影响因素、常数的计算方法等方面阐述了除草剂在土壤中的吸附行为及其环境学意义。     

腐殖酸树脂处理含Pb^2＋、CU^2＋、Ni^2＋废水的研究

利用泥炭为原料制备腐殖酸树脂.在动态条件下,研究了腐殖酸树脂对重金属离子Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的吸附效果及吸附条件.同时探讨了腐殖酸树脂对重金属离子Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的吸附与解吸再生机理,吸附机理研究表明,腐殖酸树脂对重金属离子Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的主要吸附形式为离子交换吸附和络合吸附.结果表明,在废水pH值为5.0～7.0,Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋浓度分别为50 mg/L,经腐殖酸树脂处理,Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋去除率可达98%以上,且处理后废水近中性.含Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋电镀废水经腐殖酸树脂处理后,废水中Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋含量显著低于国家排放标准.     

火化过程中二噁英类污染物减排技术研究

为减少火化过程中二噁英类污染物的排放,研究了"热交换器 布袋除尘器 活性炭纤维毡"三级组合对火化遗体烟气中二噁英类污染物的去除效果.利用急冷技术将二次燃烧室排出的火化烟气温度降到90～130℃.实验表明,布袋除尘器去除火化烟气中二噁英类污染物的效率为57.4%;布袋除尘器分别与厚度为5、15 mm的活性炭纤维毡组合去除火化烟气中二噁英类污染物的效率分别为64.0%和89.2%.     

Acetochlor as a soil pollutant

Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide all over the world. Similarly to other organic pollutants, the environmental fate of the acetochlor is strongly related to its adsorption properties. Static adsorption equilibrium measurements were carried out at 25 degrees C on different types of Hungarian soils characterized by varying amounts of organic matter and pH values. Isotherms obtained under different conditions, as well as on various soils, exhibit a similar shape, thus indicating a two-step adsorption process. The plots cannot be interpreted according to the classes of isotherms suggested by Giles. The adsorption coefficients (K) were estimated from the initial slope of the curves. These values were determined not only by the type of the soil, but also by the composition of the aqueous media. The organic matter adsorption coefficients (Kom) were also calculated and they were approximately identical for soils of high organic matter. Due to the low value of the adsorption coefficients, the acetochlor is a rather mobile pollutant of the soil posing a potential danger to the aquatic environment. For soils with high organic content, the Kom values are similar to each other and, due to the significant coverage of the inorganic surfaces, the adsorption is controlled by the solute-organic substance interactions. The adsorption of weakly polar compounds, however, is remarkable even on those soils where the organic content is low. In this case, the binding is governed by the solute-inorganic surface interactions. This conclusion is nicely proved by the adsorption of the acetochlor on quartz. According to our hypothesis, the second part of the adsorption step is controlled by the solute-adsorbed solute interactions. The role of the organic matter in this region of the isotherm is probably negligible. As the organic matter content of the soils plays an important role in the acetochlor adsorption, humic substances must have a strong influence upon the transport of this compound. Experiments to obtain adsorption isotherms of further pesticides and the development of a quantitative model are in progress.     

水溶液中腐殖酸和苯酚在ZH-02树脂上的双组分吸附

通过苯甲酰基修饰的苯乙烯-二乙烯苯吸附树脂ZH-02对水中腐殖酸和苯酚进行了单组分和双组分的静态吸附.结果表明,在腐殖酸为主要吸附质的二元组分溶液中,对苯酚的吸附量的影响可以利用IAST模型进行预测;而在不存在主要吸附质的二元溶液中,可以用单组分体系的平衡吸附量近似预算双组分竞争体系时各组分的平衡吸附量.     

木屑和花生壳吸附去除水溶液中Cr3+的试验研究

以废弃物木屑和花生壳作为吸附剂,进行了吸附去除水中Cr3 的试验.研究了溶液pH值、初始Cr3 浓度以及温度等因素对这2种吸附剂去除Cr3 作用的影响,对吸附曲线作了线性拟合,确定了相应的平衡吸附率,在Cr3 初始浓度为1、5、10和20 mg/L时,木屑对Cr3 的平衡吸附率为81%、68%、56%和40%,花生壳依次为77%、63%、53%和42%,并探讨了这2种吸附剂对溶液中Cr3 的吸附机理.     

Long-term sampling method for polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo(p)dioxins (PCDDs) in flue gas of combustion facilities

A long-term sampling method for PCDF/D in emissions from combustion facilities is presented. The sampling of PCDF/D was performed over a four week period. The results are compared to results of four one-week measurements.     

超声波有机改性凹凸棒土的苯酚吸附性能研究

采用超声波技术,对凹凸棒土进行有机改性,提高凹凸棒土的苯酚吸附能力,比较了不同的阳离子表面活性剂的改性效果,并且通过正交实验得出了超声波改性的最优化工艺条件为：十八烷基三甲基氯化铵的添加比例为35 mmol/100 g,超声波处理时间10 min,屏极电流0.5 A.在此条件下,苯酚去除率可达酸处理凹凸棒土的80倍以上,是搅拌有机改性的1.5倍.     

离子交换纤维对重金属的吸附研究

采用自制强酸性阳离子交换纤维对镉、铅离子的吸附性能进行了初步研究。实验结果表明 ,强酸性阳离子交换纤维对镉、铅离子具有较好的吸附能力 ,其最大吸附容量分别为 2 0 6.6mg g和 10 5 .5mg g ;吸附速度快 ,2 0min即可达到平衡。用Langmuir方程对其吸附等温线进行回归 ,结果显示实测值与理论方程具有较好的一致性     

Mg-AI型水滑石对水溶液中F^-的吸附

采用水热法合成Mg-AI型水滑石（LDHs），研究LDHs及其焙烧产物C-LDHs对水溶液中F^-的吸附行为，并用X射线衍射和热重分析对LDHs，C-LDHs以及吸附F^-后的C-LDHs（R-LDHs）的结构和性质进行了表征．结果表明：LDHs对水溶液中的F^-基本没有吸附，而C-LDHs对F^-有较大的吸附容量，同时，酸性的增强有利于C-LDHs对F^-的吸附．C-LDHs对F^-吸附4h后可达到吸附平衡．通过吸附F^-，C-LDHs的结构由吸附前的混合氧化物固溶体恢复到层状结构，表明C-LDHs对水溶液中F^-的高吸附性能是因为其具有较强的“记忆效应”．