粒径和温度对玉米秸秆生物碳吸附锶的耦合影响

以玉米秸秆为原材料,在350℃下采用限氧裂解法制备了4种粒径的生物碳(BC-9.31、BC-20.26、BC-71.07、BC-101.90,数字代表样品的中值径,单位μm),对比研究了15℃、25℃、35℃、45℃下生物碳对锶的吸附行为,旨在阐明生物碳粒径和溶液温度对生物碳吸附锶的耦合影响。结果表明:生物碳粒径和溶液温度对等温吸附曲线的基本特征影响较小,Freundlich模型能较好地拟合吸附过程(R2=0.915~0.997,N=0.513~0.745);生物碳吸附锶是以熵驱动为主的物理吸附过程,熵变ΔS为75.66~99.43 J/(mol·K),焓变ΔH为18.18~25.84 k J/mol;生物碳对锶的吸附性能大体与溶液温度呈正相关,与颗粒粒径呈负相关,同时颗粒粒径与溶液温度存在耦合影响;生物碳粒径越小,锶吸附过程受温度影响越小;温度越高,锶吸附受粒径影响越小。     

两种有机酸对茶园土微团聚体等温吸附锌的影响

为了明确茶园紫色土Zn容量及潜在污染状况,利用虹吸沉降和离心冻融法进行批量培养,研究区域土壤及不同粒径微团聚体等温吸附Zn~(2+)的水平,以及去除有机质和外源添加柠檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对吸附的影响。结果表明:1)以专性吸附为主的多层吸附随Zn~(2+)质量浓度增至200 mg/L总体接近饱和,吸附量从大到小依次为0.002 mm、0.002~0.05 mm、原土、0.25~2 mm、0.05~0.25 mm,游离Zn~(2+)向较小粒径富集趋势明显,去除有机质弱化了微团聚体的吸附能力;2)吸附过程为自发吸热反应,热力学Freundlich方程(R2=0.9722~0.9995)整体拟合水平优于Langmiur方程(R2=0.9505~0.9987),土壤吸附能力与有机质、游离氧化铁、CEC呈正相关;3)两种有机酸均以0.1 mmol/L为阈值,随浓度增加均表现为低浓度增强Zn~(2+)积累、高浓度加快迁移,最大吸附量呈"峰形"变化,有机酸浓度"峰值"在去除有机质后增大到1 mmol/L;在未去除有机质土壤及结构单元中,EDTA对Zn~(2+)的释放能力更优,柠檬酸能更好地吸持,大粒径微团聚体0.25~2 mm及原土随有机酸浓度变化吸附量差异明显;去除有机质使两种有机酸促进及抑制功能削弱明显。     

改性无烟煤去除水中内分泌干扰物的性能探究

以KOH为改性剂对无烟煤改性,研究了改性前后无烟煤对3种内分泌干扰物EDCs(17α-乙炔基雌二醇EE2、双酚A BPA、磺胺甲噁唑SMZ)的吸附性能。结果表明,KOH改性对无烟煤的孔结构和表面性质产生影响,提高了无烟煤对3种EDCs的吸附量,其中对EE2的吸附量提高了近2倍。3种EDCs在改性前后2种无烟煤上的吸附过程均可用伪二级动力学描述,吸附等温线更符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,表现为化学吸附。改性前后2种无烟煤对EE2均表现出最高吸附能力,平衡吸附量(qe)分别为0.214 7μg/mg与0.622 9μg/mg;其次是BPA;最差是SMZ,qe仅为0.095 9μg/mg与0.124 2μg/mg。进一步研究表明,目标物的吸附情况与其憎水性质和分子结构有关,无烟煤吸附目标物的能力与其正辛醇/水分配系数正相关。     

8-羟基喹啉功能化树脂HQDK-110对Hg2+的吸附性能

8-羟基喹啉对金属离子具有良好的络合性能。研究了一种8-羟基喹啉接枝DK-110的螯合型离子交换树脂HQDK-110对Hg~(2+)的吸附性能,并与DK-110树脂进行比较。考察了不同吸附时间、Hg~(2+)浓度、温度和pH值条件下两种树脂对Hg~(2+)的吸附性能和去除性能。结果表明,HQDK-110和DK-110树脂对Hg~(2+)的适宜吸附p H值为4.5左右。25℃时,HQDK-110和DK-110树脂对Hg~(2+)的吸附容量分别为2.496 mmol/g和2.290 mmol/g。HQDK-110和DK-110对Hg~(2+)的吸附过程更接近于一级动力学方程,其一级吸附动力学常数k1分别为0.009 4 min-1和0.011 8 min-1。吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。研究表明,HQDK-110对Hg~(2+)的吸附量和去除率优于DK-110,且树脂的稳定性优于DK-110,湿态树脂比干态树脂具有更好的重复使用性能。     

活性污泥吸附预处理腈纶废水的机理研究

以活性污泥作为吸附材料,研究了其对腈纶废水COD的吸附特征。结果表明,活性污泥可吸附腈纶废水中的COD,吸附量可达135 mg/g。伪二级动力学方程能很好地描述活性污泥对腈纶废水中的COD的吸附过程,模型计算出的二级吸附速率常数(k2)为2.3×10-4g/(mg·min);Langmuir方程最适合描述该吸附过程,决定系数在0.96以上。从活性污泥吸附前后腈纶废水中的有机物相对分子质量分级结果可以看出,活性污泥对大分子(30 k Da)有机物有较好的去除,污泥的电镜照片也证明了该点。研究表明,活性污泥吸附可去除腈纶废水中的悬浮物和胶体物,是有效的腈纶废水预处理方法。     

活性炭纤维对水中酚类化合物的吸附特性

研究了活性炭纤维(actived carbon fiber,ACF)对模拟废水中苯酚、对氯苯酚、对硝基苯酚的吸附特性.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对ACF的表面结构进行了表征.通过静态吸附试验,采用吸附热力学探讨了ACF对苯酚、对氯苯酚、对硝基苯酚模拟废水的机制,计算了有关的热力学函数.结果表明,ACF对它们的吸附速率很快,在酸性条件下吸附效果较好,相同条件下,去除率是苯酚(87%)<对氯苯酚(96%)<对硝基苯酚(99%).ACF对这3种物质的吸附都是自发的放热反应,属于物理吸附.吸附等温线能用Dubinin-Radushkevieh方程较好地拟合.     

双酚A和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯在纸类上的吸附特性研究

采用序批式实验,考察了报纸对双酚A(BPA)和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DnBP)的吸附能力,用Freundlich、Langmuir、Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)、Flory-Huggins(F-H)、BET、Temkin 6种吸附等温线模型对实验数据进行了拟合.并选择了回归系数(R2)、均方根差(RMSE)和卡方检验(X2检验)3种非线性回归方法评价了模型拟合度.结果表明,Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温线模型能很好地描述BPA和DnBP在纸类表面的吸附,BPA和DnBP的R2均大于0.95(P<0.01),RMSE和X2分别小于0.05和0.02;吸附能力与吸附质的疏水性呈正相关.由D-R和F-H吸附等温线模型拟合结果可知,BPA和DnBP的吸附平均自由能分别为1.484和1.609 kJ/mol;Gibbs自由能分别为-6.559和-7.021 kJ/mol.说明BPA和DnBP在纸类上的吸附为自发的物理吸附.BPA和DnBP在纸类上的Freundlich吸附常数k分别为0.147和0.502 mg(1-n)·L"·g-1,均高于文献报道的底泥等的吸附常数,说明生活垃圾填埋场中纸类会阻碍BPA和DnBP的迁移和生物可利用性.     

福州市经济增长与环境污染的计量分析

根据环境库兹涅茨曲线原理,选取福州市1990年-2008年的经济与环境数据,运用EXCEL软件,分析福州市经济因子与环境因子的相关关系,并建立模拟经济因子与环境因子之间动态回归模型．通过人均GDP污染排放量模型发现,福州市污染排放量并不符合环境库兹涅茨曲线的倒“U”模型。工业废水排放量呈现正“U”型。工业废气排放量与工业固废产生量呈现倒“U”型的左侧部分,转折点尚未出现。环境质量并非随着GDP的增长而增高,产业结构调整、环境政策实施以及工业化进程等因素是决定环境质量的主导因素。     

A novel aminated polymeric adsorbent for removing refractory dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate treatment plant

Refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) from landfill leachate treatment plant was with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. An aminated polymeric adsorbent NDA-8 with tertiary amino groups and sufficient mesopore was synthesized, which exhibited high adsorption capacity to the DOM (raw water after coagulation). Resin NDA-8 performed better in the uptake of the DOM than resin DAX-8 and A100. Electrostatic attraction was considered as the decisive interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. Special attention was paid to the correlation between porous structure and adsorption capacity. The mesopore of NDA-8 played a crucial role during uptake of the DOM. In general, resin in chloride form performed a higher removal rate of DOC. According to the column adsorption test, total adsorption capacity of NDA-8 was calculated to 52.28 mg DOC/mL wet resin. 0.2 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution could regenerate the adsorbent efficiently.     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.