油气田在役管道高后果区识别与完整性评价方法

根据油气管道建设与管理的相关标准与规范或导则,针对目前油气田在役管道,明确了其高后果区识别的划分及其在不同标准中的差异以及识别的原则和时间间隔,分别介绍了在管道的相关数据采集的基础上开展地质灾害和第三方破坏造成的管道风险评价方法,管道内外腐蚀的直接评价以及包括剩余强度、剩余寿命和材料在内的管道适用性评价方法,同时给出了这些评价工作所涉及到的相关内容项,对油田管道的完整性管理具有重要的指导作用和应用价值。     

试论新形势下的我国环境保护科研计划管理

通过国内外环境科研管理的分析,划分了环境管理与科研的层次,指出科研计划管理是联系管理与科研的纽带。提出在深入改革的形势下,科研管理需进一步加强宏观调控,并就环境管理、准决策研究、基础研究三个层次的联系与运行以及科研分领域系统管理,科研经费管理的多元化与项目设置的计划滚动效应和建立技术支持的专家系统等提出了看法。以求实现科学比管理,切实发挥科研第一生产力的作用,达到科研为管理服务的目的。     

污水深度处理流程对污染物去除效果评价方法

城市污水再生处理流程大多采用几种深度处理单元组合而成,由单个处理单元对污染物的去除效果来准确评价组合流程整体的处理效率对于工艺方案的确定和实际运行具有重要意义。在对处理过程中污染物浓度分布变化分析的基础上,建立了污水深度处理流程污染物去除效果的评价分析方法,并根据3种常用再生处理单元的实验结果,以总大肠菌群为例,评价了混凝沉淀过滤与生物活性炭和超滤联用处理流程对总大肠菌群的去除效果,计算结果表明,这种评价分析方法是准确可行的。     

杭州西湖底泥释磷的初步研究

为了探讨杭州西湖底泥的释磷状况,通过对钱塘江引水前后西湖水体中总磷浓度的测定,根据物质平衡原则,求得西湖底泥平均释磷速率为3.49mg/m²·d,全湖年释磷量达7.22t。此外用实验室模拟法对底泥释磷的影响因素进行研究,结果表明,温度、pH值和扰动均能不同程度地对底泥释磷产生作用,其中尤以pH值的改变和扰动影响较大;结果还显示,微生物在底泥释磷过程中具有重要的作用。     

利用X射线吸收近边结构光谱(XANES)研究水泥窑共处置产品中Ni和Cd的微观组成

在模拟水泥窑中高温煅烧掺有Ni、Cd化学试剂的水泥生料,并由制取的水泥熟料制备水泥净浆片.利用X射线吸收近边结构光谱（XANES）对水泥窑共处置产品中Ni、Cd的微观组成进行了研究.结果表明：Ni在水泥窑煅烧过程中发生了较为彻底的化学变化,形成了Ni-Mg化合物,该化合物可能是以氧化物、氢氧化物或碳酸盐的形式存在;水泥...     

中草药种植区土壤及草药中重金属含量状况及评价

通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市中草药种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd的含量、空间分布特征及草药中重金属含量状况,以及不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积特征,并对种植区土壤和草药重金属污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量均值分别为12.9、 0.036、 15.6、 0.118 mg·kg-1,均低于相应<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值;以土壤背景值为标准评价,单项污染指数评价结果显示,16个中药种植区中土壤 As、Hg、Pb、Cd达轻度污染的比例分别为18.75%、43.75%、0%、100%,且6.25%的种植区土壤Hg污染达到中度水平.综合污染指数评价结果表明,12.5%种植区土壤重金属污染等级为警戒级,其余各地区均处于轻度污染水平;而以<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值评价,各种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均<0.7,土壤环境清洁;绝大多数(>95%)种植区草药样品污染指数<1,不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积能力存在明显差异:紫菀、知母对Cd的富集系数及白芷、北沙参对Hg富集系数均>1.因此,在中药GAP(优良农业生产)基地土壤质量评价过程中,应重视中草药自身特性对重金属吸收和累积的影响.     

Fenton氧化法深度处理抗生素废水二级出水

采用Fenton氧化法对青霉素和土霉素混合废水二级处理出水进行深度处理,通过正交和单因素实验研究了废水初始反应pH值、H2O2投加量、Fe2+/H2O2摩尔比及反应时间等因素对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,Fenton氧化法处理的最佳反应条件为:初始pH值4、H2O2(30%)投加量50 mL/L、Fe2+/H2O2摩尔比1/20和反应时间60 min,处理后出水COD小于120 mg/L,COD去除率在75%以上,急性毒性(HgCl2毒性当量)小于0.07 mg/L,满足《发酵类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB21903-2008)表2标准要求。     

Arts as a vehicle for community building and post‐disaster development

Use of the arts in international aid is common in an ad hoc form, but it has not been systematically theorised or evaluated. The arts have the potential to be a culturally contextualised and sustainable intervention for adults and children in the aftermath of war or disaster. On the micro level, the arts are a method to enable the retrieval and reprocessing of traumatic memories that are often encoded in images rather than in words. On a macro level, they can help to reconstruct a group narrative of a disaster as well as mobilise people back into control of their lives. This paper researches a long‐term project using arts in Sri Lanka following the civil war and tsunami. A central finding is the need to understand arts within their cultural context, and their usefulness in strengthening the voices and problem‐solving capacities of the victims of the disaster.     

A Guide to Understanding Social Science Research for Natural Scientists

Natural scientists are increasingly interested in social research because they recognize that conservation problems are commonly social problems. Interpreting social research, however, requires at least a basic understanding of the philosophical principles and theoretical assumptions of the discipline, which are embedded in the design of social research. Natural scientists who engage in social science but are unfamiliar with these principles and assumptions can misinterpret their results. We developed a guide to assist natural scientists in understanding the philosophical basis of social science to support the meaningful interpretation of social research outcomes. The 3 fundamental elements of research are ontology, what exists in the human world that researchers can acquire knowledge about; epistemology, how knowledge is created; and philosophical perspective, the philosophical orientation of the researcher that guides her or his action. Many elements of the guide also apply to the natural sciences. Natural scientists can use the guide to assist them in interpreting social science research to determine how the ontological position of the researcher can influence the nature of the research; how the epistemological position can be used to support the legitimacy of different types of knowledge; and how philosophical perspective can shape the researcher's choice of methods and affect interpretation, communication, and application of results. The use of this guide can also support and promote the effective integration of the natural and social sciences to generate more insightful and relevant conservation research outcomes. Una Guía para Entender la Investigación de Ciencias Sociales para las Ciencias Naturales Katie Moon     

The role of digital data entry in participatory environmental monitoring

Many argue that monitoring conducted exclusively by scientists is insufficient to address ongoing environmental challenges. One solution entails the use of mobile digital devices in participatory monitoring (PM) programs. But how digital data entry affects programs with varying levels of stakeholder participation, from nonscientists collecting field data to nonscientists administering every step of a monitoring program, remains unclear. We reviewed the successes, in terms of management interventions and sustainability, of 107 monitoring programs described in the literature (hereafter programs) and compared these with case studies from our PM experiences in Australia, Canada, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greenland, and Vietnam (hereafter cases). Our literature review showed that participatory programs were less likely to use digital devices, and 2 of our 3 more participatory cases were also slow to adopt digital data entry. Programs that were participatory and used digital devices were more likely to report management actions, which was consistent with cases in Ethiopia, Greenland, and Australia. Programs engaging volunteers were more frequently reported as ongoing, but those involving digital data entry were less often sustained when data collectors were volunteers. For the Vietnamese and Canadian cases, sustainability was undermined by a mismatch in stakeholder objectives. In the Ghanaian case, complex field protocols diminished monitoring sustainability. Innovative technologies attract interest, but the foundation of effective participatory adaptive monitoring depends more on collaboratively defined questions, objectives, conceptual models, and monitoring approaches. When this foundation is built through effective partnerships, digital data entry can enable the collection of more data of higher quality. Without this foundation, or when implemented ineffectively or unnecessarily, digital data entry can be an additional expense that distracts from core monitoring objectives and undermines project sustainability. The appropriate role of digital data entry in PM likely depends more on the context in which it is used and less on the technology itself.