Summary of 25 Years of Xylem Tracheids and Sewage/Sludge in the Sea

The Rapid Sewage/Sludge Indicator Technique (RSIT), developed during the early 1970's, responded to critical needs within the Bureau of Water Pollution Control. It enabled quick detection of contamination in ocean water and bottom sediments during sewage-related emergencies and routine monitoring. RSIT became an invaluable tool for resource management, in determining where and to what extent marine environments are impacted, and when immediate information is necessary for public health decisions.

The RSIT utilizes microscopic examination for terrestrial plant vascular tissue, especially the xylem tracheid elements, as identifiers of sewage/sludge. Not normally found in ocean waters, this material, in toilet paper and the roughage of the human diet which passes through the digestive system intact, is an indicator of human faecal contamination. Minimal training and common laboratory materials allow gross screening in five minutes. New studies by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), United States Geologic Survey (USGS) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), most recently at the 106-mile dump site off the New York Bight, revalidated the technique as a rapid, inexpensive, easy to use, semiquantitative indicator both for water column and sediment samples.     

镉对单环刺螠非特异性免疫及组织蓄积的影响

为探究镉(Cd)对海洋动物的毒性效应,考察了不同质量浓度(0.005、0.05和0.5 mg·L~(-1)) Cd处理对单环刺螠相关免疫生理指标及主要组织中Cd蓄积量的影响。结果表明:Cd胁迫下,血细胞密度(density of hemocyte, DHC)先升后降再升,酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase, PO)活力先升后降,溶菌酶(lysozyme, LSZ)活力先降后升再降,至处理96 h,处理组DHC均显著高于对照组(P0.05),总蛋白含量变化不显著;除低浓度胁迫组(0.005 mg·L~(-1))PO活力与对照组相近外,其他处理组的PO和LSZ活力均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活力和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量总体呈上升趋势,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量先升后降再升,至胁迫96 h,各处理组SOD活力、MDA和H_2O_2含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。总之,Cd胁迫对单环刺螠非特异性免疫影响显著,Cd的短期胁迫可刺激DHC、PO和LSZ升高,免疫力增强,而高浓度Cd的胁迫时间较长会造成机体解毒能力下降,持续刺激机体产生过氧化反应,MDA含量升高,可作为单环刺螠在Cd长期胁迫下的免疫检测指标。不同胁迫浓度组单环刺螠肌肉和消化道中的Cd含量随胁迫时间均呈上升趋势,且存在显著的时间-剂量-效应关系(P0.05),其蓄积量水平为:消化道肌肉,具有组织特异性。     

苯酚胁迫下罗非鱼组织中过氧化氢酶与谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的动态变化

以奥尼杂交罗非鱼(Oreochromisaureus♂×Oreochromisniloticus♀)为试验鱼类,研究了其暴露于不同质量浓度苯酚后组织中过氧化氢酶CAT和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶GST活性的动态变化。结果表明,罗非鱼肌肉和肝脏组织中的CAT正常值分别为8.56±0.2U·mg-1和15.48±0.1U·mg-1,GST的正常值分别为4.39±0.20U·mg-1和13.30±0.31U·mg-1,均是肝脏组织高于肌肉组织。采用不同质量浓度的苯酚处理罗非鱼25d,除了0.002mg·L-1质量浓度组罗非鱼体内CAT和GST与对照组相比无显著差异外,其余各质量浓度组的CAT和GST均发生了明显的变化,两者的变化趋势相近。CAT的变化规律为低质量浓度组先升高后降低,高质量浓度组不断下降。即低质量浓度苯酚对罗非鱼体内的CAT具有一定的诱导作用,而高质量浓度表现为抑制作用,可使鱼体内的CAT失活,且这种变化幅度肝脏比肌肉大。GST的变化规律为先升高后降低,即苯酚对罗非鱼体内的GST具有先诱导后抑制的作用。研究表明,0.002mg·L-1质量浓度以下的苯酚对罗非鱼没有生化毒性影响,罗非鱼组织中的CAT和GST可作为生物标志物来评价酚类污染物对鱼类的生化毒性。     

PP333在库拉索芦荟组培快繁中的应用研究

以MS 6-BA2.5mg/L NAA0．2mg/L为初代培养基，以MS 6-BA2.0mg/L NAA0．1mg/L为增殖培养基，1，3MS IBA0.5mg/L为生根培养基，添加不同浓度的PP333，其结果表明：初代培养基中添加0．5mg/LPP333有利于库拉索芦荟外植体出芽，增殖培养基中添加0．1-0．5mg/LPP333对库拉索芦荟试管苗增殖有效，而在生根培养基中添加0．5—1．0mg／LPP333有利于生根和移栽，其中以1／3MS IBA0．5mg/L PP3330．5mg/L培养基对库拉索芦荟试管苗生根和移栽有良好效应．     

唐菖蒲原球茎培养的研究

以唐菖蒲球茎芽切段为外植体在含有2，4-D的脱分化培养基上诱导的愈伤组织，可分化出具有双极性的原球茎．通过继代培养，选择了合适的培养条件：激素配比ρ（2，4-D）＋ρ（NAA）＝1mm／L＋0．5mg／L，ρ（Sugar）＝30g／L．pH5．8，θ＝21～26℃．光照液体浅层培养．在优化的条件下，利用双层板径向流生物反应器进行唐菖蒲原球茎培养，28d生物量增殖8倍，原球茎数增殖9倍．     

Mercury pollution and macrophage centres in pike (Esox lucius) tissues

From June 1993 to October 1994, studies have been carried out on the effects of mercury in the Oder River and pike tissue contamination (muscle, kidney, liver). The mean mercury contents in the sediment range from 0.03 to 1.1 mg/kg dry weight. In the pike muscle, between 0.22 and 0.85 mg/kg, on a wet weight basis, were found. The measured mercury concentrations were analysed in relation to the number of macrophage centres of the liver, spleen and kidney of the pike. Positive correlations between mercury and MC response (0.54 ≤ r ≤ 0.79, p < 0.05) were found in all of these organs. The suitability of the macrophage-centre-response as a possible bioindicator for mercury pollution is discussed in the literature. In our study, the response of MCs was found to be suitable as a biomarker for the impairment of fish health.     

甲醛对原癌基因c-myc、MDM2及抑癌基因p53的影响

为研究吸入性甲醛的毒性能否进入动物骨髓组织,引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变,选择小鼠某些原癌基因和抑癌基因为研究对象,以SPF级balb/c雄性小鼠为材料,采用动态吸入方式染毒2周(5+2模式),染毒浓度分别为0, 0.5, 3.0mg/m3,用半定量RT-PCR方法检测不同浓度甲醛对小鼠染毒后骨髓组织细胞中c-myc、MDM2和p53基因表达的变化.结果表明,在不同浓度的甲醛暴露条件下,与空白对照组相比,小鼠骨髓组织中的c-myc基因,MDM2基因和p53基因表达均发生改变,在3.0mg/m3浓度组与空白对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05), c-myc基因,MDM2基因呈现表达上调,p53基因则呈现表达下调.吸入性甲醛的毒性能进入动物骨髓组织,并能引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变.     

薇甘菊浸提液对福寿螺主要器官组织损伤的扫描电镜观察

采用薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H.B.K.）的乙酸乙酯浸提液对福寿螺（Pomacea canaliculata）进行浸杀,通过扫描电镜观察福寿螺头足部、外套膜及肝脏组织的损伤状况,探讨薇甘菊化感物质对福寿螺器官组织结构的影响。经过薇甘菊质量浓度为100mg·L^-1提取液浸杀2d后,福寿螺主要器官出现了明显的组织损伤。头足部肌肉组织出现明显的杂乱丝条状并有断裂,部分有侵蚀剥落,表现为较大的组织缺损;外套膜有大量的细胞被浸润,呈疏松不整齐的结构;肝脏表面粗糙,凹凸相间的皱褶形成起伏不平的组织,其间有深浅不一的裂痕,并有侵蚀孔状损伤。扫描电镜的观察结果可为探讨薇甘菊浸提液对福寿螺的毒杀机理提供一定的依据。