用苔藓组织硫含量、S/N比值探讨江西省大气硫沉降

本文通过对江西省"r"型酸控区19个采样点88个细叶小羽藓样品进行分析,发现在大气硫浓度高的地区苔藓组织硫含量也高,说明细叶小羽藓可以作为监测植物指示大气硫污染。江西省苔藓组织硫含量从南往北递增,赣东北苔藓组织有着高的硫含量。南昌市和贵溪市市区苔藓组织硫含量和其相应的郊区苔藓组织硫含量有显著性差异(P<0.01),且市区苔藓组织硫含量明显高于郊区苔藓组织硫含量,说明这两个城市市区苔藓受到了点污染源的影响。对细叶小羽藓组织硫含量和大气SO2浓度进行线性回归分析,发现细叶小羽藓的组织硫含量(y)和大气SO2浓度(x)存在显著线性正相关(y=6.09x+0.16,R2=0.95,P=0.003)。用S/N=0.15把江西省采样点分为两组,贵溪市贵溪冶炼厂周围有着高的大气硫沉降量(组Ⅰ),其它采样点均是硫缺乏或者说是氮过量(组Ⅱ)。     

底泥预处理对磷等温吸附特征及磷形态的影响

以校园河流底泥为材料,研究了通过不同预处理对有机质去除后,底泥对磷的等温吸附特征以及底泥中磷的赋存形态的转化.结果表明,对底泥曝气预处理强化了底泥对磷的吸附能力,最大吸附量(S_max)达到714.3mg/kg.不同底泥灼烧后,最大吸附量为天然底泥的1.64～2.25倍,且明显高于未灼烧底泥.对底泥曝气与对水曝气预处理使易被生物利用态磷向难被生物利用态磷转化,易被生物利用态磷较预处理前分别减少了7.02%和0.23%,而空白试验底泥的易被生物利用态磷则增加了4.85%.底泥灼烧后,SMT法不适合分析磷的赋存形态.底泥预处理后,酸性或碱性均促进了磷的释放.底泥灼烧后,在pH5～6条件下,磷的释放量低于未灼烧底泥.     

底泥曝气对城市污染河道内源氮变化过程的影响

以城市重污染河道上覆水和沉积物为研究对象,采用模拟实验方法,探讨了底泥曝气对城市污染河道内源氮变化过程的影响.结果表明：底泥曝气促进内源氮去除和有机质分解,泥水系统氮素去除率比对照组高出5%,对照组有机质升高35.1%,而底泥曝气组有机质却基本维持不变;底泥曝气促进氨氮的迁移与转化,曝气阶段上覆水、表层底泥间隙水和吸附态氨氮浓度分别降低了99.5%、94.4%和75.6%;底泥曝气时有机质分解促使有机氮浓度升高,曝气结束后有机氮的矿化作用与有机质的分解作用共同影响内源无机氮的含量;底泥曝气直接改变了底泥的理化性质,继而在一定程度上改变底泥氮素的赋存情况,含水率与表层间隙水和底泥的有机氮、无机氮均呈显著相关,表层无机氮与亚铁显著相关,内源氮变化与有机质无显著相关性.     

Sub-chronic oral toxicity of acetamiprid in Wistar rats

Acetamiprid is a neoncotinoid insecticide that acts as an agonist to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor used as insecticide in crops and to control fleas on dogs and cats. The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the sub-chronic toxicity of orally administered acetamiprid, (2) to estimate the tissue residue levels and (3) to assess the reactive oxygen species induction in Wistar rats. Clinical signs of toxicity and changes in the haematological parameters were not observed in the acetamiprid-treated groups. Biochemically, increases in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol and decreases in body weight, feed consumption, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and AchE were observed. Lipid peroxidation was increased in liver and kidney. Acetamiprid residues persisted in liver, kidney, spleen, muscles, brain, fat and histopathology revealed lesions in the liver. The no observable adverse effect level of acetamiprid was found to be ≤55 mg/kg body weight.     

漂浮水生植物对富营养化水体中N2O产生及输移过程的调节作用

漂浮水生维管束植物具有发达的通气组织,然而关于其传输水体中产生温室气体N_2O方面的研究还很匮乏.本研究以漂浮水生植物凤眼莲为代表,利用稳定氮同位素示踪技术,设计能够分隔根室和叶室的水生植物生长系统,通过微宇宙实验定量追踪N-15标记的氮素在凤眼莲根系介导下的转化途径、N_2O产生规律及N_2O通过通气组织向空气的传输过程.研究结果表明,加入水体的~(15)NO_3~-有少部分通过异化还原成为铵(DNRA)过程转化为NH_4~+-~(15)N,主要通过反硝化反应生成N_2O;加入的~(15)NH_4~+主要发生了耦合硝化-反硝化反应.种植凤眼莲均使叶室中N_2O-~(15)N原子百分超和~(15)N_2O浓度明显高于无植物的对照,一方面说明凤眼莲根系能够促进反硝化、硝化-反硝化反应过程,同时也说明水体中的~(15)N_2O有相当一部分通过植株体传输到空气中.凤眼莲通气组织主要通过分子扩散从高浓度空间向低浓度空间输送~(15)N_2O.在标记NO_3~--~(15)N的水体中,凤眼莲在前期促进了~(15)N_2O向顶空排放,但并未在整个生长期持续促进N_2O释放.在标记NH_4~+-~(15)N的水体中,植株体富集是NH_4~+-~(15)N的一个主要归趋途径,但同时也有部分NH_4~+-~(15)N转化为N_2O通过植株通气组织持续、缓慢地释放到顶空当中.研究结果阐明了漂浮植物对水体氮转化过程及N_2O输移途径的调节作用,可为全面理解水体生态系统氮循环过程提供理论基础.     

白洋淀荷茎叶提取液对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻化感效应

本研究探讨了活体荷不同部位(茎和叶)提取出液对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻生长化感效应,为推广荷遏制水华暴发及制作抑藻制剂提供理论基础.实验设计了5个浓度梯度,结果表明,荷叶浸出液对藻类的抑制效果优于荷茎浸出液,当荷叶浸出质量浓度为25 g.L-1时,对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻的抑制率分别为71.33%、78.14%.浸出液成分的GC-MS分析表明,荷叶和茎浸出液都含有丙酰胺,质量浓度分别为1.1 mg.L-1、0.2 mg.L-1.并根据概率计算法,分别计算了两种藻类的半浓度效应.     

Phytoremediation of Soil Polluted by Nickel Using Agricultural Crops

Soil pollution due to heavy metals is widespread; on the world scale, it involves about 235 million hectares. The objectives of this research were to establish the uptake efficiency of nickel by some agricultural crops. In addition, we wanted to establish also in which part of plants the metal is stored for an eventual use of biomass or for recycling the metal. The experiments included seven herbaceous crops such as: barley (Hordeum vulgaris), cabbage (Brassica juncea), spinach (Spinacea oleracea), sorghum (Sorgum vulgare), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and ricinus (Ricinus communis). We used three levels of treatment (150, 300, and 600 ppm) and one control. At the end of the biological cycle of the crops, the different parts of plants, i.e., roots, stems, leaves, fruits, or seeds, were separately collected, oven dried, weighed, milled, and separately analysed. The leaves and stems of spinach showed a very good nickel storage capacity. The ricinus too proved to be a very good nickel storer. The ability of spinach and ricinus to store nickel was observed also in the leaves of cabbage, even if with a lower storage capacity. The bean, barley, and tomato, in decreasing order of uptake and storage capacity, showed a high concentration of nickel in leaves and stems, whereas the sorghum evidenced a lesser capacity to uptake and store nickel in leaves and stems. The bean was the most efficient in storing nickel in fruits or grains. Tomato, sorghum, and barley have shown a storage capacity notably less than bean. The bean appeared to be the most efficient in accumulating nickel in the roots, followed in decreasing order by sorghum, ricinus, and tomato. With regard to the removal of nickel, spinach was the most efficient as it contains the highest level of this metal per gram of dry matter. The ricinus, cabbage, bean, sorghum, barley, and tomato evidenced a progressively decreasing efficiency in the removal of nickel.     

The diagnostic potential of fetal renal biopsy

The feasibility of fetal renal biopsy has been investigated in order to assess the diagnostic value of the histological specimen. Two fetuses with a severe bilateral renal abnormality (multicystic dysplastic kidney, Meckel-Gruber syndrome with polycystic kidney) and one fetus with Down syndrome (no detectable structural anomaly) were sampled. Histological findings in the biopsy specimens of cases 1 and 2 were diagnostic of an early obstructive renal disease. In case 3 , the findings were consistent with normal development for gestational age of the kidney. Fetal renal biopsy is technically feasible; histological examination of the samples showed a good correlation with postnatal findings. Further studies of its diagnostic value are required.