Tropic attributes of the mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) in the mangrove swamps of Imo River estuary, Nigeria

Aspects of the trophic attributes of the mudskipper,Periophthalmus barbarus occurring in the mangrove swamps of ImoRiver estuary, Nigeria, were investigated during a 12-month period(April, 1992-March, 1993). Feeding intensity increased with size;it was higher in the dry season (November-April) than in the wetseason (May-October); monthly changes in the indices of feedingintensity were significantly correlated. Major food objectscomprised detritus and benthic algae; crustaceans, insects,macrophyte matter and sand grains were minor food objects whilefish, molluscs, Chilopoda, nematodes and fungi were unconsciouslydevoured objects. Diet varied seasonally; algae and sesarmid crabswere generally more in the dry season than during the rains whereasFPOM and fish increased in the wet over dry season. The mudskipperdisplay a high degree of euryphagy and can be considered as ageneralist and an omnivore. The lower trophic status of P. barbarusqualifies it as a good aquaculture candidate. Food richness washigher in big-sized class (BSC) than small-sized class (SSC).Size-based and seasonal variations were not apparent in foodrichness. Diet breadth was higher in the BSC than the SSC; therewas dry season increase in diet breadth.     

膜生物反应器中小球藻生物膜生长与代谢的光调控特性

为改善微藻细胞固定化培养过程中的光传递与气体传质性能,设计一种具有气液分离特性的膜式光生物反应器系统,并开展光照强度影响下小球藻细胞生物膜成膜及代谢特性研究。通过检测反应器中小球藻生物膜细胞的生物量、细胞组成、叶绿素以及油脂组分,分析光照条件对小球藻生物膜的形成、生长及油脂合成等调控特性。研究发现:高光强胁迫正调控胞内油脂积累,在光照强度为230 μmol·(m2·s)-1条件下小球藻生物量产率和油脂产率最高,分别为5.50 g·(m2·d)-1和1.71 g·(m2·d)-1;细胞内叶绿素a和b及淀粉含量随光照强度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,但类胡萝卜素和蛋白质的含量变化较小;在小球藻的油脂组成中,在光照强度为46 μmol·(m2·s)-1时,得到最大的C16～C18碳链脂肪酸含量及不饱和脂肪酸含量,而除C16～C18碳链脂肪酸外的其他脂肪酸组分则随光照强度的增加逐渐增加。     

曝气量对颗粒污泥制备生物柴油的影响

以处理葡萄糖废水的好氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,考察了不同曝气量对颗粒污泥的菌群结构以及后续制备生物柴油的影响.研究结果表明,不同曝气条件下的颗粒污泥形态以及细菌,真菌的菌群结构存在明显差异,曝气量为167L/（min·m³）时,丝状真菌比例最高（8.57%）,且单位生物量的生物柴油产量也最高,达到（48.62 ±1.36）mg/g SS.不同曝气条件下形成不同菌群结构的颗粒污泥,不仅影响了污泥制备生物柴油的产量,其组分也存在明显差异.曝气量为167L/（min·m³）条件下,亚油酸甲酯（C18：2）大幅增加,这可能与该条件下颗粒污泥中出现的酵母菌Dipodascus有关.由此可见,在实际工程中可以通过控制曝气量来提高生物柴油产量和调节其组分结构.     

负压二次曝气二氧化氯发生器的研制与应用

以氯酸钠和工业盐酸为基本原料,采用独特的负压二次曝气工艺,在催化剂作用下,经氧化还原反应产生以二氧化氯为主的混合消毒气体,经吸收后形成一定浓度的二氧化氯混合消毒液,与待处理水充分混合,达到杀菌消毒的目的。     

恶臭污染评价方法及来源识别研究

随着经济的发展,人们的环境意识不断增强,恶臭作为一种环境污染已越来越受到人们的重视.文章概述了恶臭评价的主要影响因素,以及目前常用的评价方法如臭气强度评价法、臭气浓度(或臭气指数)评价法、臭气扩散模型预测评价法,同时从谱图恶臭污染源识别和源解析模型识别技术两方面介绍了恶臭污染物源解析技术,为恶臭污染事故诊断分析、定性恶臭污染物来源提供了一种新的途径和方法.最后通过分析目前尚未解决的科学问题,指出了今后的研究方向.     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

Daytime light intensity affects seasonal timing via changes in the nocturnal melatonin levels

Daytime light intensity can affect the photoperiodic regulation of the reproductive cycle in birds. The actual way by which light intensity information is transduced is, however, unknown. We postulate that transduction of the light intensity information is mediated by changes in the pattern of melatonin secretion. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of high and low daytime light intensities on the daily melatonin rhythm of Afro-tropical stonechats (Saxicola torquata axillaris) in which seasonal changes in daytime light intensity act as a zeitgeber of the circannual rhythms controlling annual reproduction and molt. Stonechats were subjected to light conditions simulated as closely as possible to native conditions near the equator. Photoperiod was held constant at 12.25 h of light and 11.75 h of darkness per day. At intervals of 2.5 to 3.5 weeks, daytime light intensity was changed from bright (12,000 lux at one and 2,000 lux at the other perch) to dim (1,600 lux at one and 250 lux at the other perch) and back to the original bright light. Daily plasma melatonin profiles showed that they were linked with changes in daytime light intensity: Nighttime peak and total nocturnal levels were altered when transitions between light conditions were made, and these changes were significant when light intensity was changed from dim to bright. We suggest that daytime light intensity could affect seasonal timing via changes in melatonin profiles. Professor Dr. E. Gwinner died on 07 September 2004.     

厌氧-好氧处理羊绒印染废水

采用厌氧 -好氧联合工艺处理羊绒印染废水 ,经实际运行表明 ,在进水 CODcr浓度为 80 0～ 2 0 0 0 m g/L情况下 ,厌氧去除效率稳定在 5 0 %左右 ,好氧去除效率大于 80 % ;该工艺管理方便 ,处理出水稳定 ,运行费用低     

江苏太仓5.1级地震震害及启示

本文对江苏太仓5.1级地震造成的灾因进行了较为客观的分析,并在此基础上,提出了相应的对策。     

推流式与完全混合式曝气池的比较

介绍了推流式曝气池及完全混合式曝气池的工艺流程及特点，特别是从其内在的规律上对两种形式的曝气池做了细致的比较。并以两个具体的实例来进一步说明了它们的特点。