池火灾评价法在环氧乙烷罐区的应用研究

以某石油化工厂区为工程应用背景,通过对环氧乙烷储罐区计算模型的建立,应用池火灾评价法对环氧乙烷储罐发生池火灾的热辐射伤害区域进行了定量计算,得出环氧乙烷罐区发生池火灾的各级影响半径和造成的伤害程度。结果表明,只有当人员撤离罐区67.35 m范围外方可避免受到热辐射伤害。从环氧乙烷罐区的整体安全性出发,提出了具体的防护措施和建议,为企业的安全管理工作提供参考依据。     

Community‐based water supplies in Cikarang,Indonesia: are they sustainable?

Community‐based water supply (CBWS) is an example of how a community manages common pool resources (CPR). This results in an alternative approach to solve water supply problems in developing countries by enhancing community participation in managing water supply. This research evaluates the sustainability of five CBWS projects in Cikarang, Indonesia by using Ostrom's design principles, with additional sustainability factors found in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on drinking water and groundwater sustainability. Quinn et al. (2007) criteria were used in the analysis, and the results show that the management of four CBWS institutions were absent and one CBWS institution was weak. With regards to the SDG's drinking water target, the CBWS institutions were unable to comply with safe water standards, and in terms of groundwater sustainability, efforts to monitor and sustain groundwater tables were absent. Results from this research suggest that more focus must be placed on water quality and groundwater sustainability for CBWS projects.     

Government management and overexploitation of groundwater resources: absence of local community initiatives in Ardabil plain-Iran

Although mismanagement of groundwater resources has resulted in their destruction over centuries, climate change is speeding up this process more than ever. On the one hand, urgent action by government bodies is needed to address the challenge. On the other hand, a vast body of literature proves that bottom-up collective action, although requiring a longer time period, is a better solution to manage such resources. This research aims to address this dilemma. The groundwater resource in Ardabil plain in Iran, which has long been managed solely through government intervention, has been chosen as a case study to explore the opportunities and limitations of managing a critically endangered area from a common pool resource perspective. Our study suggests that managing Ardabil groundwater resources should be conducted on two scales. The bottom-up institutional agreements should take place at village scale while the government should stay in charge of the overall organization at plain scale.     

Individualized water source as an indicator of attitudes about water management and conservation in humid regions

Public perceptions about water quantity and water as a common pool resource are understudied in humid regions. As water demand increases, the need to more closely manage water, even in humid areas, will increase, requiring better understanding how people perceive their water supply, how they view paying for water conservation and how water user characteristics influence attitudes. A survey finds correlations between utilizing an individual water source (e.g. well or spring) and attitudes toward water management and conservation. Compared to respondents with a shared water source, those with an individual source believe they are segregated from regional water concerns. They are less willing to pay for water management or conservation measures and less supportive of any government intervention in water management. These results suggest that planners and water managers may face resistance to conservation policies or any policy based on the idea of water as a common pool resource.     

翻堆对强制通风静态垛混合堆肥过程及其理化性质的影响

为了了解翻堆对堆肥过程及理化性质的影响,开展了城市污泥、猪粪强制通风静态垛堆肥试验,试验共设4个处理,分别为升温期(3d)、高温期(10d)、降温期(20d)翻堆处理和不翻堆的对照处理.结果表明:翻堆处理能降低堆肥的挥发性固体含量,减轻其在堆体剖面的差异.升温期翻堆不利于堆体DOC含量的降低及腐熟度的提高.降温期翻堆会减小再次升温速率及其所达到的最高温度.升温期和降温期翻堆,虽然有利于堆体内湿度的均匀分布,但却会缩短高温持续时间、降低堆肥的减容率和脱水率.不同时期翻堆,堆肥的pH和EC有降低的趋势,但总体而言其影响并不是特别明显.在高温期翻堆的处理中高温期持续时间长达15d,堆体减容率高达29%,再次升温的升温速率和所达到的最高温度分别为4℃·d-1和60 5℃,且与其它处理相比,其堆肥的VS、DOC和湿度都较低,GI较大.由此试验表明,高温期翻堆的堆肥处理能提高强制通风静态垛堆肥的堆肥效率和质量.     

不同碳源下的间歇曝气反硝化实验研究

本实验研究在序批式模式下高浓度硝酸盐的反硝化,比较用甲醇、醋酸钠和消化污泥上清液作碳源。实验发现,间歇曝气有助于提高反硝化污泥的沉降性能,而厌氧条件下,污泥的沉降性能差。污泥浓度4~5gVSS/L下,3种碳源都能有效地进行反硝化。最大硝酸盐去除率为0486gNO3N/gVSS·d。开始阶段,亚硝酸盐浓度增加,但用醋酸盐和硝化污泥上清液作碳源,其浓度最终下降为零。     

大庆贴不贴泡周边土壤及地下水石油烃污染规律

贴不贴泡是大庆某石油化工总厂生产废水排放场地,其作用相当于一个水面较大的氧化塘.在纳污泡周边分别采集土壤及地下水样品,以研究其对周边土壤及地下水的污染状况.结果显示:纳污泡附近地下水及表层土壤受到不同程度石油烃污染,但除第1个采样点外,其余各采样点污染程度随距离变化不明显;土壤纵向以40～60cm厚度层污染最为严重.说明大庆地区草甸黑土对石油烃滞留能力很强,使石油烃在其中的迁移速度很低,特别是水平迁移速度更小,才使污染近30年的场地地下水受到的石油烃污染不是十分严重.表层土壤的污染主要是由于雨季纳污泡内污水溢出造成的.      

南京市江宁区谷里镇污水处理工程工艺设计

根据谷里镇提供的水质监测资料、处理要求及现有地形条件,选用A2/O+曝气生物滤池作为该镇污水处理工程的核心处理工艺。该镇污水处理工程的设计规模为5 000 m3/d,污水处理工程的进水水质为pH:6～9 mg/L、CODCr:300 mg/L、BOD5:150 mg/L、氨氮:30 mg/L、TN:35 mg/L、TP:3 mg/L、SS:150 mg/L、动植物油:15 mg/L,经采用A2/O+曝气生物滤池作为该镇污水处理工程的核心处理工艺治理后,预计出水可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级A标准。     

Issues in reverse supply chains,part II: reverse distribution issues – an overview

In recent years, due to growing environmental concern, there has been an increasing attention to product take‐back, product recovery and the re‐distribution of end‐of‐life products. Reverse logistics (RL), which refers to the distribution activities involved in product returns, has recently received much attention because many companies are using it as a strategic tool to serve their customers; and can generate good revenue. The management of return flow usually requires a specialised infrastructure with special information systems for tracking and dedicated equipment for the processing of returns. An efficient reverse distribution structure may lead to a significant return on investment as well as a significantly increased competitiveness in the market. Therefore, the time seems to be right for a systematic overview of various issues that are arising in the context of reverse distribution. The main purpose of this paper is to review the literature on RL and suggest a classification based on reverse distribution issues. The result of this research provides a better understanding of the RL concept and outlines some future directions of research on modelling and analysis.     

基于超声透射特性的密闭容器液位测量与装置设计*

针对金属密闭容器内液体液位测量问题,设计1种基于超声透射特性的非接触式液位测量装置。测量装置根据被测容器内液体介质与气体介质透射系数不同的原理,通过超声接收探头回波情况判断容器内液体位置,利用软件与硬件结合,调整超声发射探头与接收探头的放大倍数,实现对不同材料、厚度容器内液位的测量。测量装置可以将所测液位、容器倾斜程度等数据通过上位机、阿里云平台等多方位显示。研究结果表明:该测量装置可测量不同材料、厚度密闭容器内承装液体的液位,所测数据较为稳定,测量误差范围不大于3 mm。