安全评价方法在危险废物处置环境风险评价中的应用探讨

对安全评价方法在危险废物处置建设项目环境风险评价中的运用进行初步探索。主要用"工艺过程风险因素分析表"对工艺过程潜在风险性识别;用蒙德法进行源项分析;用池火灾模型、蒸气云爆炸伤害模型对易燃、易爆物质的火灾、爆炸等重大事故后果进行计算,得出人员的伤亡半径和财产损失半径等参数,以便于判断风险的可接受水平。分析结果表明:采用安全评价方法对危险废物处置建设项目进行环境风险评价是适用的、可行的。     

基于AHP的密闭环境空气质量评价模型及其应用

针对指数法在评价密闭环境空气质量中存在评价因素单一,不能反映多种污染物对空气环境质量的综合影响等缺点,结合模糊数学的原理与方法,对密闭环境空气质量进行评价。采用层次分析法赋权,按最大隶属原则,通过模糊数学模型对某密闭环境空气质量进行综合评价,评价结果较科学地反映了空气质量的真实状况。     

Understanding the Lessons and Limitations of Conservation and Development

Abstract: The lack of concrete instances in which conservation and development have been successfully merged has strengthened arguments for strict exclusionist conservation policies. Research has focused more on social cooperation and conflict of different management regimes and less on how these factors actually affect the natural environments they seek to conserve. Consequently, it is still unknown which strategies yield better conservation outcomes? We conducted a meta‐analysis of 116 published case studies on common resource management regimes from Africa, south and central America, and southern and Southeast Asia. Using ranked sociodemographic, political, and ecological data, we analyzed the effect of land tenure, population size, social heterogeneity, as well as internally devised resource‐management rules and regulations (institutions) on conservation outcome. Although land tenure, population size, and social heterogeneity did not significantly affect conservation outcome, institutions were positively associated with better conservation outcomes. There was also a significant interaction effect between population size and institutions, which implies complex relationships between population size and conservation outcome. Our results suggest that communities managing a common resource can play a significant role in conservation and that institutions lead to management regimes with lower environmental impacts.     

Volatile halogenated organics in swimming pools

This survey undertaken in Greece (Mytilene town) has shown that Volatile halogenated organics (VHO) are present in swimming pool water. Analysis was performed by purge‐and‐trap (PAT) gas chromatographic (GC) technique and samples from two public indoor swimming pools in Mytilene were analyzed for VHO. Water samples were collected every week for a period of three months, and have shown the occurrence of chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, chlorodi‐bromomethane, bromoform (all four are trihalomethanes [THMs]), as a result of the chlorination and the occurrence of tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1,2‐tetrachloroethane is assigned to their introduction as impurities during the process treatment of water. The levels of concentrations ranged from 4.0 to 26.0 μg/1 for chloroform, from 0.26 to 7.0 μg/1 for dichlorobromomethane, from 0.5 to 3.0 μg/1 for chlorodibromomethane, from 0.07 to 0.9 μg/1 for bromoform, from no detectable levels to 0.07 μg/1 for tetrachloroethylene and from no detectable levels to 0.2 μg/1 for 1,1,1,2‐tetrachloroethane.     

EMMC process for combined removal of organics, nitrogen and an odor producing substance

In order to improve the process performance regarding the removal of organics, nitrogen, and an odor-causing compound (sulfide) contained in domestic wastewater, an entrapped-mixed-microbial cell (EMMC) with and without humic substances for both fixed and moving carrier reactors and conventional suspended growth culture (i.e. conventional activated sludge process) were investigated simultaneously. Both synthetic (simulated to the organics concentration of general domestic sewage) and actual domestic wastewater were investigated under operational conditions of 12 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT) with 1 h of aeration and 1 h of non-aeration, and 6 h of HRT with continuous aeration, at a room temperature of 25 +/- 2 degrees C. It was found that entrapping humic substances in the EMMC carriers had no impact on the removal of organics, nitrogen, and the odor-producing compound. Additionally, the performance of the EMMC moving carrier system for the removal of these pollutants is similar to that of the EMMC fixed carrier system. In general, the EMMC associated systems which provide high solids retention time achieve a better removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and the odor-producing substance than the suspended growth system for both HRTs of 6 h (continuous aeration) and 12 h (1 h of aeration and 1 h of non-aeration). Both the fixed and moving carrier EMMC processes, therefore, have the potential for improvement or replacement of the existing conventional activated sludge process with regard to improving the effluent qualities (such as COD, nitrogen and odor-producing compound) for reuse/disposal.     

An Evaluation of Vernal Pool Creation Projects in New England: Project Documentation from 1991–2000

Vernal pools are vulnerable to loss through development and agricultural and forestry practices owing to their isolation from open water bodies and their small size. Some vernal pool-dependent species are already listed in New England as Endangered, Threatened, or Species of Special Concern. Vernal pool creation is becoming more common in compensatory mitigation as open water ponds, in general, may be easier to create than wooded wetlands. However, research on vernal pool creation is limited. A recent National Research Council study (2001) cites vernal pools as challenging to recreate. We reviewed documentation on 15 vernal pool creation projects in New England that were required by federal regulatory action. Our purpose was to determine whether vernal pool creation for compensatory mitigation in New England replaced key vernal pool functions by assessing project goals and documentation (including mitigation plans, pool design criteria, monitoring protocols, and performance standards). Our results indicate that creation attempts often fail to replicate lost pool functions. Pool design specifications are often based on conjecture rather than on reference wetlands or created pools that function successfully. Project monitoring lacks consistency and reliability, and record keeping by regulatory agencies is inadequate. Strengthening of protection of isolated wetlands in general, and standardization across all aspects of vernal pool creation, is needed to ensure success and to promote conservation of the long-term landscape functions of vernal pools.     

The social and ecological determinants of common pool resource sustainability

We study a dynamic common pool resource game in which current resource stock depends on resource extraction in the previous period. Our model shows that for a sufficiently high regrowth rate, there is no commons dilemma: the resource will be preserved indefinitely in equilibrium. Lower growth rates lead to depletion. Laboratory tests of the model indicate that favorable ecological characteristics are necessary but insufficient to encourage effective CPR governance. Before the game, we elicit individual willingness to follow a costly rule. Only the presence of enough rule-followers preserves the resource given favorable ecological conditions.     

不同浓度蓝藻水华在好氧条件下的光合作用

为研究不同浓度蓝藻水华在曝气形成的好氧条件下的光合作用,本文按叶绿素a（Chla）浓度32.5,346.8,1413.7和14250.0μg/L设4个处理组（从低到高编号依次为I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和IV）进行实验.结果表明,各处理Chla浓度均总体呈下降趋势,但均未出现发黑或发褐现象;各处理溶氧、pH值、NH₄⁺-N浓度和最大光合作用能力F_v/F_m均有一定差异（P<0.05）.快速光响应曲线的特征参数α、ETR_max和I_k表明,处理I、Ⅱ和Ⅲ中出现较高的绿藻、硅/甲藻的光能利用效率（P<0.05）,而处理IV中所有藻类的光能利用效率较低（P<0.05）.曝气增氧可以防止高浓度蓝藻水华形成黑水团;蓝藻水华初始Chla浓度约为32.5、346.8、1413.7μg/L时,在曝气形成的好氧条件下,蓝藻水华中会出现其它藻类如绿藻、硅/甲藻的生长,即藻类群落结构朝着多样化变化,对蓝藻水华形成控制.     

施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对果园土壤有机碳组分的影响

为研究施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤有机碳组分的影响,以果园土壤为研究对象,从时间、空间维度解析长期施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤有机碳积累、组成及其分布规律的影响,结合CPMI（碳库管理指数）和相关性分析,揭示施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤碳汇的影响机制.结果表明,施用餐厨垃圾调理剂可显著提高土壤中w（TOC）（TOC为总有机碳）,并随施用时间的增加逐渐向深层土壤迁移,改善TOC分布状况.随着施用餐厨垃圾调理剂时间的增加,0~20 cm土壤层中w（NOC）（NOC为非活性有机碳）和30~40 cm土壤层中w（AOC）（AOC为活性有机碳）呈增加趋势,AOC分配比例低于NOC分配比例.随着施用时间的增长,0~30 cm土壤层中w（POC）（POC为颗粒有机碳）显著提高,最大值为42.94 mg/g,MOC（矿质结合态有机碳）分配比例与POC分配比例呈相反变化趋势,有利于提高土壤碳稳定性.各土壤层中CPMI均大于空白对照组,最大值为154.437,表明施用餐厨垃圾调理剂有利于提升土壤肥力.相关性分析表明,w（POC）与pH呈负相关,与含水率、EC（电导率）、w（OM）（OM为有机质）呈正相关,其中与含水率相关性最高（R=0.91）.可见,长期施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对提高果园土壤碳汇、改善土壤肥力具有重要意义,研究结果有助于进一步提升土壤碳汇的新型土壤调理剂的研发与应用.      

ANAMMOX富集与优化停曝比对MBR-SNAD工艺的影响

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）研究了厌氧氨氧化细菌在富集过程中的活性变化,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中以恒定曝气量,通过优化停曝比实现氨氧化细菌（AerAOB）和厌氧氨氧化细菌（AnAOB）协同脱氮并且有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的活性,然后添加有机物（乙酸钠）逐步启动同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化（SNAD）工艺.结果表明,在厌氧氨氧化细菌富集过程中,通过不断缩短水力停留时间（HRT）提高进水氮负荷的方式强化厌氧氨氧化细菌活性,其平均活性由0.603mgN/（h·gVSS）提高到了8.1mgN/（h·gVSS）;当恒定曝气量为50mL/min,停曝比为4：10（min：min）时,AerAOB和AnAOB对氨氮的去除量分别占总氨氮去除量的58.8%和41.2%,NOB氧化亚硝态氮的量占总硝态氮生成量的15.3%,成功抑制了NOB的活性;当C/N比为0.5,调整停曝比为4：15后,反硝化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的20.9%,厌氧氨氧化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的79.1%,实现了AerAOB、AnAOB和反硝化细菌（DNB）协同脱氮的目的.