间歇曝气法处理青霉素废水试验研究

试验研究了间歇曝气法处理青霉素废水过程中pH值、处理周期、温度、冲击负荷对处理效果的影响。该法中的兼氧及好氧菌能在不需对青霉素废水中的SO4^2-和“1231”进行物化预处理的前提下有效地降解废水中的有机物。进水COD浓度可达10000mg／1,COD去除率在85％以上,投配负荷达7kgCOD／m^3·d,最大冲击负荷达14kgCOD／m^3·d。青霉素废水中“1231”产生的泡沫不会影响SBR处理装置的正常运行。在曝气过程中泡沫可自行消失。“1231”去除率高达97％以上。提出间歇曝气法是处理青霉素废水一条较理想的途径。     

游泳池水质监测与净化的自控技术应用

参照国家标准《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》（GB 37488—2019）,在游泳池布设6个采样点,采用计算机远程实时在线监测游泳池水pH值、游离余氯、细菌总数、大肠菌群、尿素、浑浊度、温度等指标,用自动调控装置进行水质净化处理,并将该自控技术和人工检测与净化手段作比对。结果表明：计算机远程在线监测能实时了解水质状况,远程集中管理节约人力成本;游泳池水质参数指标超出安全值时,自控装置会自动预警和报警并自动施药和注水,施药精准度较高,安全性能较好;游泳池水质随着温度和人数变化具有较大的差异性,采用人工手段和自控技术监测与净化相结合的方式管理游泳池,安全系数更高。     

Effect of acetate and propionate on the production and characterization of soluble microbial products (SMP) in aerobic granular sludge system

It is well known that soluble microbial products (SMP) derived from biological systems found in wastewater treatment plant effluent are responsible for chemical oxygen demand (COD). Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is recognized as an efficient and innovative approach for wastewater treatment. Acetate and propionate as two dominant organic substances in wastewater need to be effectively removed before discharge. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acetate and propionate to interfere with the accumulation, molecular weight (MW) distribution and composition of SMP in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) system using two identical sequencing batch reactors (SBR) named R1 and R2, respectively, thus reducing the COD. The results demonstrated that more SMP accumulated in R1 in presence of acetate compared to R2 treated with propionate. A positive correlation for SMP formation was detected as evidenced by aeration rates, but a negative correlation with hydraulic retention time (HRT). The MW distribution analysis suggested that small molecules (MW <3?kDa) were the dominant fraction of SMP in R1 and R2, accounting for 57–79% and 39–61%, respectively. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) demonstrated that esters, alkanes, alkenes and alcohols were the predominant low-MW SMP in R1 and R2. More peaks were present in R2 (61) than R1 (46). Esters were the predominant SMP (39%) in R1, while alkanes were the predominant SMP (31%) in R2. Further, microbial community analysis indicated that more α- and γ-Proteobacteria groups which readily utilize low-MW SMP were found in R2 compared to R1-granules which may have contributed to less SMP accumulated in R2. The abundant genera in the granules were Zoogloea and Azoarcus, in particular, a greater quantity of Azoarcus was detected in R2 than R1-granules, which may be associated with higher degradation of aromatics in SMP.     

Effect of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) on the fate of phenanthrene in a model ecosystem (water-lava-plant-air)

Advanced closed chamber system was used to study the fate of phenanthrene (3-rings PAHs) in the presence of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS). The results showed mineralization and metabolism of phenanthrene are fast in the “culture solution-lava-plant-air“ model ecological system. The distribution proportions of applied ^14C-activity in this simulative ecological system were 41%-45%, 14% to 10% and 1% in plant, lava and culture solution respectively, and 18% to 29%, 11% to 8% recovered in the forms of VOCs and CO2. Main parts of the applied ^14C-activity exist in two forms, one is polar metabolites(25%) which mainly distribute in the root(23%),the other is unextractable part (23%) which have been constructed into plant root (8.98%), shoot (0.53%) or bonded to lava(13.2%). The main metabolites of phenanthrene were polar compounels (25% of applied ^14C-activity), and small portion of ^14C-activity was identified as non-polar metabolites(6% of applied ^14C-activity) and apparent phenanthrene(1.91% of applied ^14C-activity). Phenanthrene and its metabolites can be taken up through plant roots and translocated to plant shoots. The presence of LAS significantly increased the the concentration of ^14C-activity in the plant and production of VOCs, at the same time it decreased the phenanthrene level in the plant and the production of CO2 at the concentration of 200 mg/L.     

洞庭湖退田还湖区不同土地利用方式对土壤养分库的影响

以钱粮湖垸为例,研究了洞庭湖退田还湖区的林地（Ⅰ）、园地（Ⅱ）、旱地（Ⅲ）、水田（Ⅳ）和荒地（Ⅴ）等不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分含量、养分库综合指数以及养分相关性。研究表明：土壤养分分布的表聚效应明显,0～50 cm土层土壤有机质含量为3.40～32.32 g/kg,全氮、水解氮含量为2.23～9.71 g/kg、12.95～112.00 mg/kg,全磷、速效磷含量为29.50～69.35 g/kg、4.15～75.68 mg/kg,全钾、速效钾含量为603～3069 g/kg、37.70～217.50 mg/kg;林地土壤全氮含量最高,有机质含量最低,水田有机质、全钾及速效磷含量均最高,旱地水解氮含量最高,而荒地土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、水解氮及水解磷均最低;土壤养分库综合指数变化范围为24.33～295.93,排序为IⅣ（231.96）＞IⅢ（193.46）＞IⅡ（70.90）＞IⅠ（59.57）＞IⅤ（35.59）;土壤养分要素的相关性分析结果表明,有机质与全磷、全磷与速效磷、全氮与全钾、水解氮与速效磷均呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为 0.5760、0.5961、0.6864 和 0.5701。     

一次低纬高原暖区暴雨对流系统演变及边界层触发

利用高空和地面区域站、FY2G卫星TBB、昆明C波段多普勒雷达、闪电观测资料和NCEP/NCAR1° ×1°再分析资料,分析了2017年7月12-13日云南副高外围暖区暴雨对流系统演变特征及边界层触发成因.结果表明,滇东中部和滇中中部暴雨,12日08:00以锋面降水为主,14:00后以暖区降水为主;环境场具有弱垂直风切...     

自热式高温好氧消化工艺的氧化还原电位研究

采用自热式高温好氧消化(ATAD)中试工艺系统,通过间歇式运行,改变进泥初始ρ(VSS)和曝气强度,考察了系统中氧化还原电位(ORP)的变化情况.对进泥初始ρ(VSS)为45.4和34.2 g/L的曝气强度恒定在1.0 m3/h,搅拌转速为95r/min,停留时间为25 d;初始ρ(VSS)为40.7 g/L污泥的曝气强度在0.4～1.0 m3/h间由大到小进行调节,搅拌转速为95 r/min,停留时间为44 d.结果表明,初始ρ(VSS)与曝气强度对ORP有影响,当曝气强度充足时,ORP呈先下降再回升趋势,最终ORP能达到0 mV以上.对于pH的变化,初始ρ(VSS)为45.4和34.2 g/L的污泥规律相似,均呈先上升后下降趋势,初始ρ(VSS)为34.2 g/L的污泥pH从开始的6.01上升到8.11,然后下降到5.60～6.03.但初始ρ(VSS)为40.7 g/L的污泥pH的变化规律有所不同,pH一直呈上升趋势,从开始的7.33到最终的9.16.表明由于溶胞作用,系统中ρ(总氮),ρ(氨氮),ρ(总磷)较高,pH上升,若曝气强度充足,pH随后下降,ORP回升;若曝气强度较低,pH则一直呈上升趋势,ORP则处于较低值.因此ORP与进泥初始ρ(VSS),曝气强度,反应温度,ρ(氨氮)和pH等因素有关.从ORP的测试结果看,ATAD系统处于厌氧到微好氧之间的状态.      

公共资源可持续利用的微观影响因素分析

草地被称为世界性的公共资源。以往对于草地退化的关注多侧重在技术研究和推广上。为揭示微观行为对公共资源利用的影响,以寻求有效途径保护具有重要生态战略意义的草地资源,论文利用2005年西部6省区17县231个农户数据以及2006和2007年环青海湖地区的实地调查经验,采用农户模型和计量分析方法,研究现有产权制度下牧民的草地管理行为对草地资源退化的影响。结果表明,牧民参与非农就业、扩大牧户的草场规模以及进行围栏和舍棚建设有利于减轻草场的退化。据此,提出以下政策建议:目前政府提供围栏和舍棚建设方面的相关政策扶持,同时,制定有利于牧民参与非农就业机会的政策,降低牧区的人口压力,可有效促进草地公共资源的可持续利用。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在印染废水处理工艺中的去除研究

为减少印染助剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(nonylphenol ethoxylates,NPEO)及其降解产物壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)随印染废水进入水体造成的不利环境影响,对2种常规印染废水处理净水工艺处理含NPEO的模拟印染废水效率开展了研究。研究发现,结合厌氧水解和曝气氧化的生物处理工艺能迅速地将废水中NPEO去除,去除率达到90%以上,但排水中残余一定含量的NP、短链NPEO和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚酸酯(nonylphenol polyethoxycarboxylate,NPEC),在减少排水中NP、短链NPEO和短链NPEC浓度方面,接触氧化法比活性污泥法效果更好。排水中的NP和短链NPEO来自厌氧水解阶段长链NPEO的降解;减少排水中NP、短链NPEO需要减少厌氧水解阶段产生的短链NPEO。     

曝气对水平潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响

通过构建曝气及未曝气潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,以NaCl为示踪剂开展示踪实验,研究曝气对人工湿地水力特性的影响。实验结果表明,两对比系统均存在不同程度的短流及死区现象,短流主要发生在床体表层,而死区则存在于床体底层。其中未曝气人工湿地系统的流场分布不均匀现象较为严重,示踪剂滞留在床体底层难以回收,系统水力效率较低(0.56)。比较而言,由于气流对水体的扰动作用,曝气对人工湿地系统水力效率有明显改善作用,减缓了床体表层水流速度,提高了示踪剂回收率,缩小了死区的范围,曝气人工湿地系统的水力效率为0.75。