渤海中部海域颗粒有机碳季节性变化及碳库估算

依据不同季节的调查,对渤海水体中颗粒有机碳（POC）的时空变化特征、碳库及影响因素进行对比研究.结果表明：春、夏、秋和冬季渤海调查海域颗粒有机碳的平均浓度分别为（338±146）μg/L、（491±136）μg/L、（358±228）μg/L和（2534±2601）μg/L,其中冬季渤海水体中POC浓度最高约是春季的7倍.不同季节渤海调查海域POC分布具有相似的规律,即由近岸浅水区向远岸逐渐降低,高值区多集中在调查海域北侧近岸、黄河入海口以及渤海湾等处.不同季节影响POC分布的因素不同,春、夏和秋季影响渤海调查海域POC分布的因素主要是陆源输入和浮游植物的生长繁殖,沉积物再悬浮是影响冬季渤海调查海域POC分布的主要因素.通过C/N比值探究不同季节渤海水体中POC来源发现,春季有45.3%、52.8%样品的C/N比值分别介于2.6~4.3和4~10之间,夏季有38.7%、32.3%样品的C/N比值分别介于2.6~4.3和4~10之间;秋季有84.4%样品的C/N比值介于4~10;而冬季有72.2%样品的C/N比值大于12,可见渤海水体中POC来源具有季节性差异,春季和夏季渤海调查海域POC主要来源于海洋生物的代谢活动,秋季渤海水体中POC的主要来源是浮游植物,冬季渤海POC的主要来源是再悬浮物作用下沉积物中保留下来的有机物.渤海POC碳库呈季节性变化,春、夏和秋季渤海调查海域POC碳库在6×10⁵~7×10⁵t范围内,冬季碳库最高,为2.5×10⁶t.     

生物矿化促进造纸废水好氧除钙的技术研究

造纸废水厌氧出水中钙离子浓度高,容易引起后续活性污泥好氧曝气系统钙化,造成生化处理能力下降.本文利用富含产脲酶菌的驯化污泥对模拟厌氧出水进行生物矿化除钙.在序批式反应器中接种驯化污泥,在一定尿素浓度下研究除钙过程,并考察曝气对除钙过程的影响.结果表明,当尿素投加量为0.5 g·L^-1时,不曝气条件下钙和有机物去除率分别达到50%和35%左右;曝气有利于吹脱二氧化碳,当曝气量为0.2 L·min^-1时,钙离子和有机物去除率均上升至80%左右,而持续提高曝气量无法进一步提高有机物去除率.综合运行成本和处理要求,曝气辅助生物矿化可以有效去除造纸废水厌氧出水中的溶解性钙离子.通过基因组测序发现驯化污泥中产脲酶功能菌主要来自厚壁菌门,特别是芽孢杆菌纲中的热杆菌属.     

造纸废水曝气池中钙的去除及迁移转化规律研究

针对造纸废水好氧处理中钙离子（Ca²⁺）浓度过高影响生化过程和后续膜处理的问题,在实验室模拟废水曝气,研究Ca²⁺存在对COD去除效果的影响;对厌氧出水进行曝气实验,探究曝气量对钙去除效果的影响;分析表征造纸废水液相中Ca²⁺浓度和固相污泥中钙的形态,探究造纸废水曝气池中钙的迁移转化规律.结果发现：Ca²⁺的存在会影响活性污泥的活性,进而导致曝气过程中COD的去除率从71.76%降至36.94%;厌氧出水曝气初始阶段内曝气量越大,Ca²⁺的去除率越高;Ca²⁺浓度从厌氧出水到二沉池出水过程中逐渐下降,从游离态转变为CaCO₃的结合态而除去.     

生物炭添加对曝气人工湿地脱氮及氧化亚氮释放的影响

尽管增加曝气会提升潜流人工湿地中溶解氧(DO)浓度,改善污染物去除效果,但由于湿地中氧扩散条件差,易引起DO分布不均,导致氧化亚氮(N_2O)的排放.生物炭由于孔隙率大、比表面积大,近年来逐渐被应用于传统湿地系统,实现强化脱氮和温室气体减排.为了探讨生物炭对曝气潜流湿地的影响,本实验在温室内构建曝气生物炭潜流湿地(SW),以常规曝气潜流湿地(CW)作为参照,探究生物炭投加对湿地系统脱氮性能及N_2O排放的影响.结果表明,SW系统曝气段平均DO浓度为2.66 mg·L~(-1),较CW提高了0.42 mg·L~(-1).SW系统平均出水NH_4~+-N和总氮(TN)浓度为0.17 mg·L~(-1)和1.98 mg·L~(-1),去除率分别达到99.5%和95.0%,较CW提高了5.1%和6.9%.生物炭的投加对湿地系统有机物污染去除效果无显著影响(P0.05),出水化学需氧量(COD)稳定在25 mg·L~(-1),去除率达到94.0%.SW系统中N_2O的平均释放速率为0.27 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),较CW系统降低了70.7%.因此,生物炭投加可作为一种有效的控制手段来强化曝气湿地系统脱氮,实现N_2O气体减排.     

垃圾龄对填埋场好氧修复供氧和加速稳定化效果的影响

填埋场好氧处理是一种有效的填埋场修复手段。采用模拟填埋反应器,搭配水气联合控制系统,探讨不同填埋龄垃圾好氧稳定化过程最佳氧气控制范围和污染物去除情况。结果表明新鲜垃圾和填埋龄分别为1,3,7年的垃圾最佳氧浓度调控范围分别为11%~14%、8%~14%、7%~15%和6%~17%。垃圾耗氧速率随填埋龄增加而降低。经过180~220 d的好氧处理,新鲜垃圾渗滤液BOD5和COD去除率均达到92%以上;而老龄垃圾渗滤液COD降解慢。处理后期各反应器ρ(BOD_5)/ρ(COD)<0.1,垃圾基本稳定。     

微气泡曝气技术对微污染水体增氧效果的中试研究

针对微气泡曝气技术对微污染水体的增氧效果进行中试研究。结果表明:1)当HRT为0.2~0.8 h、气水比为0.05~0.20、进水ρ(DO)为2.07~11.21 mg/L时,采用微气泡曝气技术对DO的全年提升率2.9%~94.1%,平均值为34.8%,夏、秋季的提升率明显高于春、冬季。2)微气泡曝气技术中,与氧利用率呈极显著相关的因素有水温、气水比、进水DO浓度以及进水TP浓度;与提升率呈极显著相关的因素有HRT、进水DO浓度。3)当HRT>0.6 h时可获得较佳的DO提升率与氧利用率;气水比的提高降低了氧利用率,对水体DO提升无显著影响。     

纯氧曝气用于市政污泥自热高温好氧消化的研究

将纯氧曝气自热高温好氧消化技术应用于市政污泥处理,并与传统的空气曝气系统进行对比,系统考察了纯氧曝气自热高温好氧消化反应器的运行性能。研究发现:在合理的纯氧曝气量下可以实现污泥的稳定化,纯氧曝气用于污泥自热高温好氧消化的氧气利用率高达82.7%,明显高于空气曝气的26.3%。该条件下的纯氧曝气量仅为空气曝气量的1/20,极大降低了由尾气排放所造成的热量损失,有利于系统的保温。然而纯氧曝气量太低,不能满足系统的需氧要求,太高则会造成系统中DO浓度过高,在高温环境下会抑制微生物的生长,这些都会最终降低污泥的稳定化效果。     

EXPANDING WASTE WATER TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS AT CORPS OF ENGINEERS RECREATION AREAS1

ABSTRACT. There have been many changes in the waste water treatment requirements at St. Louis District Corps of Engineers projects over the past few years. Discussed are the methods considered for treating these wastes. Extended aeration plant, followed by filtration, is the process used in most of the areas. The treatment plant operators have become key members of the project operation team. A discussion of the Districts operator training program is presented along with the operator's job requirements. Through a Spring inspection of all treatment plants in the District, a mechanism has been provided for encouraging feedback to the design engineer from the operator.     

OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF ARTIFICIAL AERATION ALONG A POLLUTED STREAM USING DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING1

ABSTRACT: When a series of aerators are used to raise the level of dissolved oxygen in a polluted stream through instream artificial aeration augmentation, the system is governed by the basic dissolved oxygen mass balance equation with the existence of artificial aeration as its boundary conditions. A mathematical model is formulated for the optimization of the allocation of aeration capacity to each of the series of aerators subject to a limitation on total available aeration capacity. The objective function is the minimization of the sum of the squares of the aeration costs and the costs incurred by damaging or unnecessarily improving the system. The original constrained allocation problem is simplified by converting it to an unconstrained one via the use of Lagrange multiplier. A discretized dynamic programming algorithm is formulated for finding the optimal allocation policy. A typical optimal aeration capacity allocation policy and its corresponding dissolved oxygen sag profile for the illustrated numerical example is presented, and the relationship between the total available aeration capacity and Lagrange multiplier is also developed treating weighting factors as parameters.     

RESPONSE OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS TO ELIMINATING THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN A RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT The effects of maintaining a 19 ha Colorado montane reservoir in a thermally destratified condition for one year were evaluated. Water temperatures were kept nearly vertically agd horizontally isothermal throughout the year. The weighted mean temperature of the lake was 1-4°C colder in winter and 1-2°C warmer in summer than normal. Deep water in summer was up to 6°C warmer than typical hypolimnion temperatures, but summer surface temperature was unaltered. Without destratification dissolved oxygen depletion develops in summer and winter, but by eliminating stratification, oxygen was kept near saturation throughout the year. Alkalinity, pH, conductivity, and total residue were not significantly affected. Seston decreased which was probably due to declines in planktonic diatom populations. Increases in iron and manganese did not occur in deep water during destratification. Calcium concentrations increased slightly. Magnesium and most anions (chloride, nitrate-N, and silica) were not greatly altered, but sulfate concentration was reduced. Artificial destratification, as a reservoir management tool, will be very useful in altering chemical problems; particularly increasing oxygen and decreasing iron and manganese concentrations.