深井曝气工艺在啤酒生产废水处理中的应用

新疆乌苏啤酒有限责任公司生产废水采用深井曝气工艺处理,工艺适应性强、处理效果好,运行稳定,出水水质可达《污水综合排放标准）（GB8978-96）中二级标准,其工艺技术可供同类企业借鉴和推广。     

Characterizing fish responses to a river restoration over 21 years based on species’ traits

Understanding restoration effectiveness is often impaired by a lack of high‐quality, long‐term monitoring data and, to date, few researchers have used species’ trait information to gain insight into the processes that drive the reaction of fish communities to restoration. We examined fish‐community responses with a highly resolved data set from 21 consecutive years of electrofishing (4 years prerestoration and 17 years postrestoration) at multiple restored and unrestored reaches from a river restoration project on the Lippe River, Germany. Fish abundance peaked in the third year after the restoration; abundance was 6 times higher than before the restoration. After 5–7 years, species richness and abundance stabilized at 2 and 3.5 times higher levels relative to the prerestoration level, respectively. However, interannual variability of species richness and abundance remained considerable, illustrating the challenge of reliably assessing restoration outcomes based on data from individual samplings, especially in the first years following restoration. Life‐history and reproduction‐related traits best explained differences in species’ responses to restoration. Opportunistic short‐lived species with early female maturity and multiple spawning runs per year exhibited the strongest increase in abundance, which reflected their ability to rapidly colonize new habitats. These often small‐bodied and fusiform fishes typically live in dynamic and ephemeral instream and floodplain areas that river‐habitat restorations often aim to create, and in this case their increases in abundance indicated successful restoration. Our results suggest that a greater consideration of species’ traits may enhance the causal understanding of community processes and the coupling of restoration to functional ecology. Trait‐based assessments of restoration outcomes would furthermore allow for easier transfer of knowledge across biogeographic borders than studies based on taxonomy.     

Multiple pool fires: Occurrence,simulation, modeling and management

When two or more pool fires burn in such close proximity of one another that they can influence each other, they are termed ‘multiple pool fires’ (MPF). The characteristics and the structure of MPFs are significantly different from that of stand-alone pool fires. Even though MPFs have known to occur fairly often in chemical process industries, much lesser work has been done towards simulation, modeling and control of MPFs as compared to stand-alone pool fires.This paper is perhaps the first-ever attempt at surveying the MPF state-of-the-art. It recounts MPF accidents and catalogs the controlled experiments that have been done to understand the mechanism and impact of MPFs. Attempts to model MPFs have been assessed and possible ways to manage MPFs have been touched upon.     

Can incomplete information lead to under-exploitation in the commons?

This paper analyzes the protection of a common pool resource (CPR) through the management of information. Specifically, we examine an entry deterrence model between an incumbent perfectly informed about the initial stock of a CPR and an uninformed potential entrant. In our model, the appropriation of the CPR by the incumbent reduces both players' future profits from exploiting the resource. In the case of complete information, we show that the incumbent operating in a high-stock common pool overexploits the CPR during the first period since it does not internalize the negative external effect that its first-period exploitation imposes on the entrant's future profits. This inefficiency, however, is absent when the commons totally regenerate across periods. Under incomplete information, we identify an additional form of inefficiency. In particular, the incumbent operating in a low-stock CPR underexploits the resource in order to signal the low available stock to potential entrants, deterring entry.     

甲苯池火灾热辐射数值模拟

文中用CFD技术对甲苯池火灾进行数值模拟,首先对甲苯火焰进行数值计算,得到在稳定的横向风条件下,甲苯燃烧的峰温、产物组分、瞬时速度等火焰特征参数以及其空间分布情况：火焰温度的最高点在对称面y=0上,最高温度为1778K,火焰倾斜角度为26°（与竖直方向夹角）,火焰高为22.5m。然后应用CFD软件F luent对池火灾进行热辐射模拟,模拟结果表明：对于锰钢材料、内径为20m甲苯储罐,稳态有风池火灾情况下,相邻两储罐之间安全距离在上风向为59m,下风向为72m。由于描述燃烧过程和湍流情况的数学物理模型还不太完善、对大气状况的简化等原因,结果偏保守,文中对此进行了分析讨论。此项研究为CFD技术研究碳氢化合物火灾的一个尝试。     

液化天然气场站事故定量风险评价方法研究

液化天然气（LNG）具有低温、易挥发、易燃、易爆的特性,其场站安全问题凸显。研究结合某LNG汽车加注站加注枪或管道LNG溢出的可能性事故,对事故发生概率及后果进行定量分析,其中事故后果的确定采用DEGAD IS和LNGF ire3模型。文章结合相关文献提供的伤害准则数据,得出人员受伤等级和死亡率,进而确定事故造成的个人风险值。与英国、荷兰等国家和机构制定的个人风险标准进行比较,所得的个人风险大大低于标准极限值,同时表明将5kW/m2作为安全距离临界热辐射强度的合理性。     

CFD simulation of pool fires situated at differing elevation

When two or more pool fires happen to burn so close to each other that they interact, they are termed ‘multiple pool fires’ (MPF). Past accident analysis reveals that MPFs occur quite frequently in chemical process industries. Controlled experiments done so far to study MPFs have indicated that MPFs lead to increase in the fuel burning rate, flame height and heat release rate (HRR) but the nature and the extent of the impacts of different factors on these manifestations is as yet poorly understood. In this context computational fluid dynamics (CFD) appears to be a tool which can enable more detailed and realistic simulation of MPFs than other possible approaches, especially due to its ability to closely approximate the underlying physical phenomena. In tank farms there are situations where different storage tanks are placed at different elevations yet close to each other. If such tanks happen to catch fire, the resulting fires may influence each other in a manner that may be a function of the difference in the tanks’ elevation. However no CFD study has been carried out which addresses this type of situation. Hence an attempt has been made to employ CFD to study MPFs involving two pools with fuel surfaces are at different elevations. Results reveal that good correlation is possible between the experimental findings and the CFD simulations.     

基于沉陷预计的岩盐矿区土地损毁研究

以封闭溶腔环境和非封闭溶腔环境下的岩盐矿区为研究对象,采用概率积分法,在修正沉陷预计参数的基础上,分析不同溶腔环境下岩盐矿区的地表移动变形和土地损毁结果。封闭溶腔环境下沉陷预计参数的修正引入等价采高模型和水砂充填开采模型,非封闭溶腔环境下沉陷预计参数的修正引入等价采高模型。结果表明,不同溶腔环境下的预计结果的最大值存在显著差别,地表移动变形结果值取决于溶腔封闭性。在封闭溶腔环境下,岩盐矿区的下沉、倾斜、水平变形、水平移动和曲率的最大值分别为400 mm、0.35 mm/m、0.55 mm/m、180 mm和0.001 1 mm/m2,损毁范围内的农用地均属于轻度损毁;在非封闭溶腔环境下,岩盐矿区的下沉、倾斜变形、水平变形、水平移动和曲率的最大值分别为6 500 mm、0.6 mm/m、9.5 mm/m、2 800 mm和0.02 mm/m2,损毁范围内的农用地受轻度、中度和重度损毁的面积分别为1 095.70 hm2、148.44 hm2和107.78 hm2。通过对比,封闭溶腔环境下岩盐矿区的地表移动变形结果小于非封闭溶腔环境下的地表移动变形结果,在非封闭溶腔环境下岩盐开采可能造成大范围的土地损毁,岩盐矿区土地损毁预防措施要解决的核心问题是保障溶腔的完整性和封闭性。     

云南某砷矿区冶炼渣中Hg存在形态研究

利用BCR三步提取法提取砷冶炼渣中Hg的铁锰氧化物结合态、可交换态及碳酸盐结合态、有机物及硫化物结合态,再以高压密闭消解法分离出矿渣中的Hg元素,采用原子荧光光度法测定Hg的总含量,最后计算出残渣态Hg含量。结果表明,云南某砷矿废矿场中汞的存在形态主要是铁锰氧化物结合态、可交换态及碳酸盐结合态,这两种形态的Hg含量超过总含量的85％;有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态的含量所占比例较小。     

垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液处理工程中常见问题探讨

结合在渗滤液处理设计上的经验,对垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液处理工程中出现的一些问题进行分析和探讨,希望本文能起到抛砖引玉的作用。