MOBILE OXYGEN DISPERSION CRAFT1

Water pollution control by effluent treatment becomes increasingly expensive as the degree of treatment is increased. As has previously been demonstrated, instream aeration provides an economical alternative for the higher degrees of treatment. For large, deep, navigable rivers, another alternative may be still more economical, namely, mobile oxygenating craft, using fine bubble diffusers. The propellors in the craft plus its mobility would give important advantages in dispersing the oxygenated water; and one craft could replace a multiplicity of static aeration sites.     

A TECHNIQUE FOR ELIMINATING THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN LAKES1

The design, installation, and operation of a compressed air system to eliminate thermal stratification in lakes is described. During a year-long field test on a 19 ha lake, this system effectively eliminated thermal stratification, increased dissolved oxygen, and kept part of the lake ice-free during winter. This system has the capability for use in larger reservoirs and, used for control or elimination of stratification in lakes, is a promising tool for alleviating problems caused by thermal stratification.     

A PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPING ISOHYETS IN AN ARID AREA USING VEGETATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS1

A technique is presented for developing an isohyet map for the Hualapai Valley, a closed hydrologic basin of about 315 square miles in the northwestern Great Basin in Nevada. In this basin there is practically no climatic data, and in the northwest Great Basin there are too few stations for determination of rainfall on a detailed basis. Using a vegetational typing to represent a range in elevation and precipitation, an initial mean annual rainfall is determined for selected points on a grid pattern. This rainfall is then modified by using topographic parameters of slope, orientation, exposure, and rainfall shadow effect. The resulting point determinations of mean annual rainfall are then smoothed using a trend surface analysis, and an isohyetal map is drawn from the smoothed points. The technique provides an estimated accuracy of one inch of mean annual precipitation and one mile of resolution on isohyets.     

连续/间歇曝气下MBBR-亚硝化生物膜特性

本文分别以连续曝气和间歇曝气方式长期运行两套亚硝化移动床生物膜反应器,对比分析两种曝气方式下亚硝化生物膜特性差异和变化.研究表明,连续曝气和间歇曝气均可实现亚硝化生物膜生长（K_d> 0）,但间歇曝气下生物膜连续脱落对生物总量基本无影响,生物膜生长过程更加稳定,且当亚硝化运行稳定后,间歇曝气可获得更高的生物总量（1.42g/m²）.而连续曝气下生物膜可获得更高的蛋白质/多糖（PN/PS=1.8~2.0）和蛋白质/挥发性固体（PN/VS=0.145）以及更低的腐殖质/挥发性固体（HS/VS=0.05）和死细胞占比（13.66%）.这说明连续曝气下生物膜中活性生物量占比更高,惰性生物量占比更低,活细胞占比更高,因而生物膜活性更高,微生物代谢更活跃.荧光实时定量PCR结果显示,以连续曝气运行的MBBR生物膜中亚硝化菌总量远高于间歇曝气,连续曝气更利于亚硝化菌的生长富集（2.36copies×10⁸/g > 0.25copies×10⁸/g）.     

主流厌氧氨氧化工艺的运行优化及其微生物的群落变迁

通过高氨氮污水驯化成熟的CANON生物膜反应器处理低氨氮污水,试验分为3个阶段:(1)连续曝气无机配水阶段(0~59 d),曝气量30 m L·min-1,调整氨氮浓度为80 mg·L~(-1),厌氧氨氧化脱氮效率较低,第56 d时,TN去除负荷仅为0. 13kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).(2)连续曝气生活污水阶段(60~110 d),有机碳源的进入使得CANON反应器在79 d时TN去除负荷提升至0. 22 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).(3)由于DO浓度较低,其氨氮去除率仅为75%,为进一步提高氨氮和TN的去除效果,第110 d时,进入间歇曝气生活污水阶段(110~160 d),提高曝气量为50 m L·min-1,曝气30 min,停曝30 min,第131 d时,氨氮去除率提高至86. 34%,TN去除率和去除负荷分别达到85. 87%和0. 30 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),这说明间歇曝气策略可以提升CANON反应器的脱氮性能.同时在试验开始前(0d)、连续曝气无机配水阶段(56 d)和间歇曝气生活污水阶段(152 d)时分别取样进行了高通量测序,分析不同阶段的微生物群落变化,结果表明:(1)Candidatus Brocadia相比Candidatus Kuenenia在低氨氮无机配水和生活污水阶段中受影响较小;(2)Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira分别为AOB和NOB的优势菌种,生活污水阶段对Nitrosomonas影响较大,对Nitrospira影响较小;(3)反硝化菌属始终存在CANON反应器中,其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、副球菌属(Paracoccus)适应性最强,但各阶段相对丰度均不超过0. 5%.     

连续流间隙曝气前缺氧生物反应器处理分散污水的生产性试验研究

针对一种用于小流量分散型污水处理的连续流间隙曝气前缺氧生物反应器进行生产性试验.在持续近1年的运行监测和工况优化过程中,考察了不同曝气时间比、混合液回流比、水力停留时间(HRT)等组合工况下该生物反应器去除COD、氮、磷的效果.结果表明,反应器可以维持高的污泥浓度,进而高效去除污水中的COD.脱氮效率可通过调节工艺运行参数来提高:在进水流量一定时,减少曝气时间比(即增加停曝时长);在曝气强度一定时,调低混合液回流比;当进水流量升高时,同时增加曝气时间比与循环时长.当反应器达到稳态运行后,在水温17.4~28.6℃、曝气时间比0.5、曝气阶段平均溶氧浓度约1.0 mg·L~(-1)、总HRT 16.6 h、混合液回流比1.5条件下,COD、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除率分别可达90%、90%、70%~80%、80%,出水COD、NH_4~+-N、TN指标均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级A排放标准,出水TP指标满足一级B排放标准.     

人工曝气生态净化系统治理黑臭河流的原理及应用

人工曝气生态净化系统是一种辅以曝气复氧的生态处理工艺。本文介绍了人工曝气生态净化系统的构造、净化机理及其在治理福州白马支河的成功应用。近一年来的运行结果表明，该系统对黑臭河流的净化效果好，同时还可实现污水的资源化，适合于城市景观河道的治理。     

A MORPHOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EXAMINATION OF PLUNGE POOLS AS ENERGY DISSIPATERS IN URBAN STREAM CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: Naturally formed plunge pools (scour holes) are a common morphologic feature in many urban stream systems where the transition between a pipe and a natural channel occurs. Plunge pools serve as significant stream energy dissipaters, increasing flow resistance and enhancing stream channel stability. Such features may also improve habitat diversity and serve as refugia for stream biota during low flow periods. The morphologic characteristics of several naturally formed plunge pools associated with road crossing culvert outlets in the metropolitan Charlotte, North Carolina, area are presented. Plunge pool dimensions surveyed include maximum depth, length, and width, and longitudinal and side slopes as well as bed material. Culvert outlet dimensions and hydraulic characteristics of the scouring jet for each study site are also reported. Design equations developed from flume studies generally failed to predict the naturally formed plunge pool dimensions. Pool volume was significantly correlated with drainage area, with pool depth being the least sensitive dimension to changes in the magnitude of the scouring flow. The excavation costs for designed plunge pools compare favorably to initial construction costs of traditional culvert outlet riprap aprons.     

新颖复合叶轮倒伞表曝机及其应用

本文介绍了国产化高动力效率、低能耗的污水处理关键设备—复合叶轮倒伞型表面曝气机的技术性能及实际应用效果。     

东营污水处理厂生态塘工艺的应用

东营污水处理厂采用污水处理与利用相结合的生态塘处理工艺,主要由高效厌氧塘、曝气塘、曝气养鱼塘、养鱼塘、藕塘、芦苇塘等组成。经过应用分析以及10个月的数据统计可以看出:在东营市这样土地资源丰富的地区采用生态塘工艺处理城市污水,具有基建费用低、运行费用省、维护管理方便、处理效果比较稳定的优点。