Effects of overlying water aeration on phosphorus fractions and alkaline phosphatase activity in surface sediment

Microbial activity may influence phosphorus (P) deposit and release at the water sediment interface. The properties of DO (dissolved oxygen), pH, P fractions (TP, Ca-P, Fe-P, OP, IP), and APA (alkaline phosphatase activity) at the water sediment interface were measured to investigate microbial activity variations in surface sediment under conditions of two-month intermittent aeration in overlying water. Results showed that DO and TP of overlying water increased rapidly in the first week and then decreased gradually after 15 day of intermittent aeration. Microorganism metabolism in surface sediment increased pH and decreased DO and TP in the overlying water. After two-month intermittent aeration, APA and OP from surface sediment (0–2 cm) were both significantly higher than those from bottom sediment (6–8 cm) (p < 0.05), and surface sediment Fe-P was transferred to OP during the course of microorganism reproduction on the surface sediment. These results suggest that microbial activity and microorganism biomass from the surface sediment were higher than those from bottom sediment after two-month intermittent aeration in the overlying water.     

Can incomplete information lead to under-exploitation in the commons?

This paper analyzes the protection of a common pool resource (CPR) through the management of information. Specifically, we examine an entry deterrence model between an incumbent perfectly informed about the initial stock of a CPR and an uninformed potential entrant. In our model, the appropriation of the CPR by the incumbent reduces both players' future profits from exploiting the resource. In the case of complete information, we show that the incumbent operating in a high-stock common pool overexploits the CPR during the first period since it does not internalize the negative external effect that its first-period exploitation imposes on the entrant's future profits. This inefficiency, however, is absent when the commons totally regenerate across periods. Under incomplete information, we identify an additional form of inefficiency. In particular, the incumbent operating in a low-stock CPR underexploits the resource in order to signal the low available stock to potential entrants, deterring entry.     

甲苯池火灾热辐射数值模拟

文中用CFD技术对甲苯池火灾进行数值模拟,首先对甲苯火焰进行数值计算,得到在稳定的横向风条件下,甲苯燃烧的峰温、产物组分、瞬时速度等火焰特征参数以及其空间分布情况：火焰温度的最高点在对称面y=0上,最高温度为1778K,火焰倾斜角度为26°（与竖直方向夹角）,火焰高为22.5m。然后应用CFD软件F luent对池火灾进行热辐射模拟,模拟结果表明：对于锰钢材料、内径为20m甲苯储罐,稳态有风池火灾情况下,相邻两储罐之间安全距离在上风向为59m,下风向为72m。由于描述燃烧过程和湍流情况的数学物理模型还不太完善、对大气状况的简化等原因,结果偏保守,文中对此进行了分析讨论。此项研究为CFD技术研究碳氢化合物火灾的一个尝试。     

液化天然气场站事故定量风险评价方法研究

液化天然气（LNG）具有低温、易挥发、易燃、易爆的特性,其场站安全问题凸显。研究结合某LNG汽车加注站加注枪或管道LNG溢出的可能性事故,对事故发生概率及后果进行定量分析,其中事故后果的确定采用DEGAD IS和LNGF ire3模型。文章结合相关文献提供的伤害准则数据,得出人员受伤等级和死亡率,进而确定事故造成的个人风险值。与英国、荷兰等国家和机构制定的个人风险标准进行比较,所得的个人风险大大低于标准极限值,同时表明将5kW/m2作为安全距离临界热辐射强度的合理性。     

7050铝合金硬质阳极氧化膜热带海洋大气环境耐蚀性能研究

目的 研究7050铝合金硬质阳极氧化膜在热带海洋大气环境下的耐蚀性能变化规律。方法 在7050铝合金表面制备硬质阳极氧化膜,然后采用不封闭、沸水封闭与铬酸盐封闭3种后处理方式进行处理。采用实验室多因素组合循环模拟试验方式与热带海洋大气环境户外直接暴露对试样开展耐蚀性能试验。通过外观、极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱方法,分析其耐蚀性能变化规律。结果 硬质阳极氧化膜不封闭处理的耐蚀性较差,实验室多因素组合循环试验第1循环后表面就出现白色腐蚀产物,评级为5/2xA。户外暴露试验12个月后,不封闭处理膜层的自腐蚀电位为?814.88 mV,自腐蚀电流密度为0.307µA/cm²;沸水封闭膜层的自腐蚀电位为?717.86 mV,自腐蚀电流密度为0.177 µA/cm²;重铬酸盐封闭膜层的自腐蚀电位为?703.33 mV,自腐蚀电流密度为3.82×10^?2 µA/cm²。户外暴露12个月后,不封闭处理、沸水封闭处理与重铬酸盐封闭处理膜层在0.01 Hz的阻抗模值分别为1.04×10⁵、1.51×10⁵、4.76×10⁵ Ω.cm²。结论 封闭处理能提升7050铝合金硬质阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性能,且重铬酸盐封闭后的耐蚀性能优于沸水封闭后的耐蚀性能。     

上层曝气式生物反应器填埋工艺特性的研究

通过实验室模拟填埋柱,将厌氧生物反应器与上层曝气式生物反应器进行对比研究,以探究好氧预处理-厌氧运行方式下生物反应器内固体垃圾、渗滤液性质以及填埋气回收率的变化特征.结果表明,厌氧生物反应器A1受酸抑制影响,实验过程中几乎无甲烷气体产生,垃圾层沉降高度5.4 cm,且主要归结于垃圾自身重力下的压实作用,渗滤液COD、VFA浓度高达70 000 mg·L-1和30000 mg·L-1,尚未出现降低趋势.好氧预处理则有效缓解了填埋柱内酸抑制现象,垃圾降解速度明显加快,产甲烷环境于曝气60 d内建立.至反应器运行结束,垃圾层沉降高度11.5 cm,渗滤液COD、VFA浓度分别降低至14000mg·L-1和8900 mg·L-1,甲烷累积产量61976 mL,回收利用率高达95%以上.然而,上层曝气式生物反应器操作模式相对比较复杂,其反应器运行效果还受到回灌操作和曝气条件等多方面因素的影响和制约.因此,需调节渗滤液回灌操作与曝气条件以实现反应器的高效运行.     

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能影响因素研究

SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器是微气泡曝气与废水好氧生物处理结合的可行方式.本研究采用SPG膜微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理模拟生活废水,探讨运行条件、SPG膜污染及膜孔结构变化等因素对系统运行性能的影响.结果表明,空气通量、进水有机负荷、填料类型及床层孔隙率对COD去除性能影响较小,各运行条件下COD平均去除率保持在80%～90%.随着空气通量降低或进水有机负荷提高,溶解氧(DO)浓度显著下降,造成氨氮去除性能恶化,其平均去除率可由80%～90%降至20%～30%;同步硝化反硝化过程受此影响,总氮(TN)平均去除率也由30%～40%降至20%左右.此外,采用环形填料并提高床层孔隙率,有助于改善污染物去除性能.低空气通量或高进水负荷条件下,微气泡曝气的氧利用率接近100%.长期运行中,SPG膜表面生物膜生长及有机物累积会造成SPG膜污染,而在线清洗中碱性NaClO溶液侵蚀SPG膜孔结构,使SPG膜的平均孔径及孔隙率显著增大,从而影响SPG膜空气通透性.     

Influence of welding speed and power on residual stress during gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of thin sections with constant heat input: A study using numerical simulation and experimental validation

The temperature distribution and residual stresses for a GTAW circumferential butt joint of AISI 304 stainless steel using numerical simulation have been evaluated. For evaluation of weld induced residual stresses, the analysis of heat source fitting was carried out with heat inputs ranging from 200 to 500 J/mm to arrive at optimal heat input for obtaining proper weld penetration and heat affected zone (HAZ). For this chosen heat input, the influence of different weld speeds and powers on the temperature distribution and the residual stresses is studied. The heat source analysis revealed the best choice of heat input as 300 J/mm. The residual stresses on the inner and outer surfaces, and along the radial direction were computed. Increase in temperature distribution as well as longitudinal and circumferential residual stresses was observed with the increase in weld speed and power. The validity of the results obtained from numerical simulation is demonstrated with full scale shop floor welding experiments.     

中试规模微气泡曝气生物膜反应器运行性能评估

运行中试规模微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理校园生活污水,对其运行性能进行评估,并与传统生物处理工艺比较.结果表明,采用中试系统处理校园生活污水原水时,平均COD去除率和去除负荷分别为57.0%和2.68 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均氨氮去除率和去除负荷分别为17.4%和0.17 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均TN去除率和去除负荷分别为15.8%和0.21 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),平均氧利用率达到100%.采用中试系统处理可生化性较差的生物接触氧化池出水,平均COD去除率和去除负荷分别为46.0%和1.53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均氨氮去除率和去除负荷分别为17.1%和0.32 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均TN去除率和去除负荷分别为14.1%和0.28 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);平均氧利用率高于50%.由于微气泡曝气能够加速氧传质过程并提高氧利用率,因此相同进水条件下,中试系统污染物去除能力显著优于传统生物接触氧化工艺和传统曝气生物滤池工艺.     

有机无机肥长期配施对果园土壤碳库及温室气体排放的影响

有机肥的施用可以提高土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,在改善土壤质量,提升土壤肥力方面有重要意义.设4个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施有机肥（M）、单施化肥（NPK）和有机无机肥配施（MNPK）,研究长期有机无机配施下土壤有机碳和其活性组分含量变化,分析不同施肥措施对温室气体排放的影响,并评估了土壤碳库管理指数的变化.结果表明,与CK处理相比,MNPK处理的土壤总有机碳（TOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）含量分别增加了82.84%、66.30%、21.12%、93.28%和145.80%.NPK处理对土壤总有机碳和有机碳组分含量无显著差异.有机无机配施有利于提高土壤碳库活度指数（LI）、土壤碳库指数（CPI）和土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）,LI和CPI的增加是CPMI增加的主要原因.相关分析表明土壤有机碳组分和CPMI与温室气体排放呈显著正相关关系;有机无机配施增加了CO₂累积排放量和增温潜势（GWP）,但却能够降低温室气体排放强度（GHGI）;MNPK处理产量最高,为56365 kg ·hm^-2,较CK处理（29073 kg ·hm^-2）提高了93.87%.因此,旱地苹果园有机无机肥配施,可促进有机碳的累积,稳定土壤碳库,更有利于果园的可持续发展.