同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术

从宏观环境理论、微环境理论、微生物理论三个方面阐述了同步硝化反硝化的作用机理,并结合目前的国内外研究成果综述了其影响因素,同时介绍了同步硝化反硝化技术的应用现状,提出了该技术今后的研究方向.     

全自养硝化污泥的颗粒化过程研究

利用SBR反应器,以浓度(以N计,下同)120～650 mg/L的自配氨氮废水,在0.48～3.60 kg/(m3.d)的氨氮负荷下,探讨了自养硝化颗粒污泥的形成过程.结果表明,以硝化污泥接种,氨氮负荷为0.48 kg/(m3.d),温度为30℃±2℃,逐渐缩短沉淀时间至10 min的条件下,硝化颗粒可以在第22 d形成,并在第43 d进入相对稳定期,平均粒径达到500μm左右.颗粒污泥的平均粒径变化经历了迟滞期、快速增长期和稳定期3个阶段.污泥平均粒径由接种污泥的127μm增长到稳定期的500μm左右.在快速增长期,平均粒径增长速度可达12μm/d.成熟颗粒污泥的形状规则、分界清晰,分布有大量杆菌,粒径300μm的颗粒污泥所占比例达74.6%,污泥相中已基本没有絮状污泥.污泥在颗粒化过程中,颜色由接种污泥的灰褐色转变为颗粒污泥的黄红色.硝化颗粒污泥表面分布有大量杆菌和块状的EPS结构.     

交变负荷调控法培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究

采用SBR反应器并以进料负荷交替变化为调控方法,探讨了好氧颗粒污泥的培养形成过程及形态理化特性.结果表明,在其它因素固定的情况下,采取进料COD 400、800、1 200 mg/L[即进料负荷0.96、1.92和3.84 kg/(m3.d)]交替运行时,可以在SBR反应器中快速有效地培养出好氧颗粒污泥,达到稳定运行的反应器中MLSS和SVI分别为20~22 g/L和14~16mL/g.完全颗粒化时平均粒径为613.6μm.颗粒表层微生物相主要是球菌,颗粒内层以球菌和杆菌为主.成熟颗粒COD去除效率在95%以上,氨氮去除率稳定在97%.FISH法的分析表明,AOB基本分布在好氧颗粒污泥的表层,NOB除了分布于好氧颗粒污泥的表层外,在内层也有少量NOB.     

紫外诱变选育优势好氧反硝化菌株

采用紫外照射的方法对好氧反硝化菌株进行诱变,从中筛选出一株优势正突变菌株ZR43,并对其形态、生长条件及反硝化能力进行了研究.结果显示,相对于亲本R1,菌株ZR43对亚硝态氮的积累量大幅度降低,从75.05mg·L-1减少到17.42mg·L-1.TN去除率提高了18%.菌株形态为球菌.最佳生长条件:温度为30℃、pH为8、C/N为10、以丁二酸为最佳碳源.C/N对菌株ZR43的好氧反硝化能力影响很大,当C/N大于8时,总氮的去除率均达到32%以上.     

Degradation and mineralization of 2-chioro-, 3-chloro- and 4-chlorobiphenyl by a newly characterized natural bacterial strain isolated from an electrical transformer fluid-contaminated soil

A bacterium classified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain IR08 by phenotypic typing coupled with 16S rRNA gene analysis wasisolated from a soil contaminated with electrical transformer fluid for over sixty years using Aroclor 1221 as an enrichment substrate.The substrate utilization profiles revealed that IR08 could grow on all three monochlorobiphenyls (CBs), 2,4'- and 4,4'-dichlorobiphenylas well as 2-chlorobenzoate (2-CBA), 3-CBA, 4-CBA, and 2,3-dichlorobenzoate. Unusually, growth was poorly sustained on biphenyland benzoate. In growth experiments, IR08 degraded all CBs (0.27 mmol/L) in less than 96 h with concomitant stoichiometric release ofinorganic chloride and growth yields were 2-3 times higher than those observed on biphenyl. In contrast to most of the chlorobiphenyl-degrading strains described in the literature, which are reported to form CBA, no metabolite was identified in the culture broth byHPLC analysis. When co-incubated with respective CBs and biphenyl, strain IR08 preferentially utilized the chlorinated analoguesin less than 96 h while it took another 264 h before 90% of the initially supplied biphenyl could be degraded. The promotion of co-metabolic transformation of halogenated substrates by the inclusion of their non-halogenated derivatives may not therefore, result inuniversal benefits.     

乙醇共代谢降解MTBE好氧颗粒化的实验研究

以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,乙醇为共代谢基质,通过逐步缩短沉降时间、洗脱沉降性能较差的絮状污泥,在SBR中成功地培养出降解MTBE的好氧颗粒污泥。成熟的好氧颗粒污泥平均粒径为400.5μm,SVI 41.39mL/g,MLVSS 2896mg/L,颗粒表面分布有丰富的球菌、短杆菌及少量丝状菌。好氧污泥实现颗粒化后,反应器进水MTBE浓度为300mg/L时,其出水浓度可维持在10mg/L以下,去除效率高达90%以上(其中挥发部分约占15%)。好氧污泥颗粒化后MTBE的降解速率也明显增加,相比启动初期,一个运行周期内MTBE的降解速率可提高4倍。一个运行周期内pH值的明显降低也表明了好氧颗粒污泥对MTBE的降解。     

Aerobic granulation of pure bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis

The objective of this study is to cultivate aerobic granules by pure bacterial strain, Bacillus thuringiensis, in a sequencing batch reactor. Stable granules sized 2.0–2.2 mm were formed in the reactor after a five-week cultivation. These granules exhibited excellent settling attributes, and degraded phenol at rates of 1.49 and 1.19 g phenol/(g VSS?d) at 250 and 1500 mg/L of phenol concentration, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopic test results show that Bacillus thuringiensis was distributed over the initial small aggregates, and the outer edge of the granule was away from the core regime in the following stage.     

厌氧水解酸化-好氧氧化Ａ1/Ａ2/O工艺剩余污泥减量对系统运行效果的影响

在碱减量印染废水Ａ₁/Ａ₂/O生物处理系统中,利用污泥回流可以实现对剩余污泥的有效减量.剩余污泥回流到Ａ₁段,增加了Ａ₁段中污泥的有机负荷,却提高了系统对COD的去除率.在Ａ₁段COD容积负荷2.54 kg/(m³·d)、水力停留时间为9.45 h和7.56 h条件下,Ａ₁段COD的去除率分别由15.9％提升至23.9％,12.3％提升至22.8％.在进水COD浓度1 000 mg/L、Ａ₁段COD容积负荷2.54 kg/(m³·d)、进水色度450倍、系统温度30℃条件下,Ａ₁段出水色度有污泥回流时较无污泥回流下降30％以上,系统出水的色度比无污泥回流时降低30％左右.回流剩余污泥使Ａ₁段出水pH略低于无污泥回流的情况,但对Ａ₂段和O段pH值影响不大.在有剩余污泥回流的系统中,系统各段出水的SS浓度均比无回流系统大.长期污泥回流会造成系统内难生物降解物质的积累,必须适时地进行排泥、气水冲刷等恢复系统污泥活性的措施.     

Phosphorus accumulation by bacteria isolated from a ontinuous-flow two-sludge system

In this article, polyphosphate-accumulating organisms （PAOs） from a lab-scale continuous-flow two-sludge system was isolated and identified, the different phosphorus accumulation characteristics of the isolates under anoxic and aerobic conditions were investigated. Two kinds of PAOs were both found in the anoxic zones of the two-sludge system, one of them utilized only oxygen as electron aeceptor, and the other one utilized either nitrate or oxygen as electron aeceptor. Of the total eight isolates, five isolates were capable of utilizing both nitrate and oxygen as electron acceptors to uptake phosphorus to some extent. And three of the five isolates showed good phosphorus accumulative capacities both under anoxic or aerobic conditions, two identified as Alcaligenes and one identified as Pseudomonas. Streptococcus was observed weak anoxic phosphorus accumulation because of its weak denitrification capacity, but it showed good phosphorus accumulation capacity under aerobic conditions. One isolates identified as Enterobacteriaceae was proved to be a special species of PAOs, which could only uptake small amounts of phosphorus under anoxic conditions, although its denitrification capacity and aerobic phosphorus accumulation capacity were excellent.     

超声波-缺氧/好氧消化过程污泥胞外聚合物和溶出物的变化研究

为研究超声波促进污泥缺氧/好氧消化的机制,采用均匀试验得到的最佳超声波参数与缺氧/好氧消化衔接进行间歇试验,通过生物化学分析法研究了消化过程污泥EPS指标(多糖、蛋白质、DNA和总量)和相应溶出物的变化趋势,同时以未经超声处理的消化过程作对照.均匀试验结果表明,在超声波声能密度0.1 W/mL,超声处理时间15 min...