硝化过程中影响亚硝酸盐积累的因素

采用间歇式批试验法,改变pH值、DO浓度和温度,试验发现:当pH值分别为8.2、7.5、9.2、6.5和5.0,DO分别为1.0mg/L、2.0mg/L、4.5mg/L和温度为30℃、25℃、35℃和10℃时,氨氧化速率依次减小。进水氨氮浓度为50mg/L～250mg/L,保持pH值为8.0±0.2时,游离氨浓度为4.45mg/L～22.68mg/L左右,最大HNO2浓度远<0.2mg/L,游离氨和HNO2对好氧氨氧化菌的影响较小。结果表明,pH值、DO浓度和温度对好氧氨氧化菌的富集有显著影响。在富集过程中,控制pH值、DO浓度和温度是关键因素,游离氨和HNO2进行适当控制,以保证抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌而不抑制好氧氨氧化菌。     

污泥在堆肥及油污土壤修复中重金属形态的研究

污泥堆肥工艺是实现污泥减量化,无害化和资源化的重要手段。文章考察了污泥在堆肥前后四类重金属(铜、锌、铅和镉)形态的变化。结果显示,铜、锌、铅和镉在堆肥前后的总量变化不大,Cu、Zn主要以有机结合态和残渣态形式存在,而Pb、Cd主要以残渣态形式存在。堆肥处理过程中可交换态重金属都呈下降趋势,但各种重金属的可交换态变化幅度不同,以Zn和Cd下降幅度最大,Zn的可交换态由堆肥前的10.5%下降到堆肥后的4.8%;Cd的可交换态从堆肥前的3.2%下降到堆肥后的1.8%,下降比例超过和接近50%。随着向土壤中添加污泥及堆肥量的增加,小麦植株地上和地下部分重金属含量也相应增加,且地下部分含量高于地上部分,小麦中重金属含量在地下部与地上部之间的比值恒定,特别是Pd,Cd的地上和地下部分浓度比可分别达到130和15～20,经堆肥处理的污泥可以降低小麦对其中重金属的吸收。将污泥及堆肥腐熟品添加至石油污染土壤中,与对照相比土壤中的石油烃含量有一定幅度的下降,最大下降幅度为19.6%。处理一个月后重金属含量及其形态变化不大,Zn具有向铁锰氧化态转化的趋势。     

废纸造纸废水处理工程的设计与运行

文章针对废纸造纸生产中废水产生量大,SS、COD浓度较高的问题,将废纸造纸废水处理工程实践中的污水作为对象,研究一套废纸造纸废水回收利用的污水处理方法,减少再生纸造纸工业对环境的污染。实验结果和工程实践证明:利用混凝沉淀—活性污泥相结合工艺处理废纸造纸废水,达到一部分经物理处理后回收利用,一部分经生化处理后达标排放。采用该工艺处理效果好,SS去除率达99.7%、COD去除率达98.4%,且运行稳定,成本和一次性投资均较低,其排放废水水质满足《造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GB3544-2001)中的排放要求。     

Influence of temperature on the characteristics of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch airlift reactors

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactors(SBAR) at 25,30,and 35°C,respectively.The effect of temperature on the granules characteristics was analyzed and the microbial community structures of the granules were probed using scanning electron microscope(SEM) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that 30°C is optimum for matured granule cultivation,where the granules had a more compact structure,better settling abili...     

Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion

Alkaline and ultrasonic sludge disintegration can both be used as pretreatments of waste activated sludge (WAS) for improving the subsequent anaerobic or aerobic digestion. The pretreatment has been carried out using different combination of these two methods in this study. The effect was evaluated based on the quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge as well as the degradation of organic matter in the following aerobic digestion. For WAS samples with combined pretreatment, the released COD was in high level than those with ultrasonic or alkaline treatment. When combined with the same ultrasonic treatment, NaOH treatment resulted in more solubilization of WAS than Ca(OH)2. For combined NaOH and ultrasonic treatments with different sequences, the released COD were in the order: simultaneous treatment > ultrasonic treatment following NaOH treatment > NaOH treatment following ultrasonic treatment. For simultaneous treatment, low NaOH dosage (100 g/kg dry solid), short duration (30 min) of NaOH treatment, and low ultrasonic specific energy (7 500 kJ/kg dry solid) were beneficial for sludge disintegration. Using combined NaOH and ultrasonic pretreatment with the optimium parameters, the degradation efficiency of organic matter was increased from 38.0% to 50.7%, which is much higher than with ultrasonic (42.5%) or with NaOH pretreatment (43.5%) in the subsequent aerobic digestion at the same retention time.     

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio < 15; (b) NH₄⁺-N < 400 mg/kg; (c) CO₂-C < 2000 mg CO₂-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity < 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) > 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.     

Granulation of filamentous microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor with saline wastewater

Proliferation of filamentous microorganisms frequently leads to operational failure for activate sludge systems. In this study, it was found that filamentous microorganisms could grow in compact granular structure with 5% sodium chloride in the substrate. In the early period of experiment, coccoid and rode-like bacteria predominated in the yellowish-brown granules, and later the white and the black granules were developed by filamentous microorganisms. The filamentous granules exhibited low porosity and fas...     

EGSB反应器中实现完全自营养脱氮与运行优化

同时接种好氧氨氧化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥启动EGSB反应器,培养完全自营养脱氮颗粒污泥,总氮去除速率达0.101 kg·(m³·d)^-1.基于边界层假设模拟颗粒污泥与液相主体间的传质过程,并将其与颗粒污泥内传质过程以及好氧氨氧化、厌氧氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化过程相耦合,建立了颗粒污泥完全自营养脱氮模型,应用实验结果对模型进行了验证.根据模拟结果对EGSB反应器运行条件进行优化,总氮平均去除效率由52%提高到61%,平均去除速率由0.103 kg·(m³·d)^-1提高到0.114 kg·(m³·d)^-1.     

A2/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的分形结构与理化特征分析

采用图像法和沉降柱法分别研究了A²/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的形貌、粒度分布、低维分形维数和沉降速率、有效密度、空隙率以及质量分形维数,并尝试探讨了上述相关性质与这些污泥宏观操作性质(沉降、压缩、脱水和稳定性)相关的各种理化指标以及胞外高分子物质(EPS)的含量之间的变化关系.结果表明,污泥絮体呈现不规则的形貌,表面具有空隙.其有效密度一般随着其粒径的增加而降低,而空隙率和沉降速率却呈现与有效密度相反的变化趋势,这些均表明了污泥絮体的分形结构的存在.2次所采集的污泥絮体的中位直径分别为248.81、 332.86 μm,有效密度的平均值分别为0.004 0、 0.007 2 g·cm^-3,自由沉降速率的平均值分别为2.67、 4.79　mm·s^-1,空隙率的平均值分别为0.94、 0.89,一维分形维数分别为1.03、 1.19,二维分形维数分别为1.64、 1.84,采用基于Logan经验公式的有效密度-最大直径的双对数关系确定的质量分形维数分别为1.74、 2.29.尽管第2次所采集的污泥絮体较为密实,但其表面粗糙程度却比第1次的低.此外,研究中发现絮凝能力较高或负电荷较高的A²/O好氧污泥絮体具有高的SVI和ZSV值;分形维数较低的污泥具有高的剪切敏感性和低絮体强度,相应的污泥稳定性低;EPS总量高的污泥脱水性能差,EPS中蛋白质含量高的污泥其表面电荷也较高.     

温度对好氧颗粒污泥吸附铅离子的影响

由活性污泥培养得到好氧颗粒污泥,研究了温度对好氧颗粒污泥吸附Pb²⁺的影响.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥主要含有C、H、N、O、P等元素,其经验结构式为C_5.7H_10.9O3.9NS_0.04.好氧颗粒污泥表面主要由球状细菌组成,具有明显的孔隙结构.在20～40℃时,Pb²⁺在好氧颗粒污泥上的吸附过程可以由Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程进行拟合（R²>0.914）.Pb2+最大吸附量Qmax由80.65 mg·g-1（20℃）增至97.09　mg·g-1（40℃）.吸附过程的表观自由能变ΔG<0、 ΔH>0、 ΔS>0,表明Pb2+在好氧颗粒污泥表面的吸附为吸热、熵增的自发过程.红外扫描分析(FTIR)结果表明,吸附过程Pb2+主要与—OH、蛋白质中的—COOH以及PO发生作用,与含氮官能团无关.