厌-好氧交替工艺的生物除磷特性研究

采用模拟配制的生活污水，研究了厌－好氧交替工艺对磷和有污染物的去除效果。结果表明，经过驯化运行等阶段后，在高效除磷阶段运行期间，磷的去除效率在９０％以上。总ＣＯＤ去除率通常大于９０％，实验表明ＣＯＤ主要是在好氧阶段被去除。     

采用热重方法分析不同含盐条件下的好氧颗粒特性

采用热重分析方法对不同含盐条件下形成的好氧颗粒污泥进行分析.结果表明,含盐量为1%(质量分数)(反应器R1)、2.5%( R2)、5%( R3)条件下所形成的颗粒污泥,在105℃之前损失的结合水的质量分数分别为4.48%、3.72%、3.25%.这表明,含盐量的提高降低了颗粒污泥中强物理结合的水分含量.3个反应器的VSS与灰分质量之比分别为2.71、1.15、1.05,表明随着含盐量的增加,微生物的活性下降.3个反应器吸收峰峰值温度R1﹥R2﹥R3,表明R1中的物质最为复杂,同时DTA曲线的复杂程度显示R1的颗粒污泥物质最丰富;由此推断,随着含盐量的增加,微生物代谢产物复杂程度减小.因此,热重分析法能够很好的描述好氧颗粒污泥的结合水、生物活性、微生物代谢产物、密实度等特性,是一种很有潜力的分析方法.     

一株异养硝化好氧反硝化菌的筛选鉴定及其脱氮特性

从长期施用农家肥的土壤中筛选出一株异养硝化好氧反硝化菌SQ2,经形态学和16S rRNA同源性分析,初步确定该菌株为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp..实验研究了菌株SQ2对氨氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的去除特性,通过改变碳氮比、pH、接种量、碳源、温度和转速考察了菌株异养硝化条件,并探究了菌株耐高氨氮特性.结果表明,在28℃、180 r·min~(-1)好氧条件下,菌株SQ2对氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮去除率分别达到100%、99.6%和96.9%,异养硝化体系中氮源降解速率、COD去除速率及菌株生长量均要高于好氧反硝化体系.菌株SQ2异养硝化最适条件为:碳氮比为12,pH为7~9,接种量为5%,碳源为琥珀酸钠,温度为28℃,转速为180~220 r·min~(-1).菌株SQ2具有良好的耐高氨氮特性,对实际高氨氮猪场废水脱氮效果良好,在高氨氮污水等生物处理方面具有良好的应用前景.     

利用好氧硝化颗粒污泥SBR处理分离尿液的研究

在不同接种污泥条件下的序批式活性污泥系统（sequencing batch reactor, SBR）中,研究了分离尿液（source-separated urine, SSU)的处理情况和污泥特性.在硝化污泥接种的SBR中,对SSU中的可生化降解有机物具有较高的去除效率,而对其中氨氮的硝化效率很低,系统中没有出现生物体聚集状态的污泥.在用实验室内培养的好氧颗粒污泥接种的SBR系统中,对SSU不仅有较高的有机物去除效率,同时还可以有效实现氨氮的硝化过程,经过约70 d的运行之后,系统中出现了稳定状态的生物聚集体——好氧硝化颗粒污泥,氨氮容积负荷以氮计算为0.5 kg/（m³·d）.好氧硝化颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降效果和活性,颗粒表面聚集着硝化杆菌和球菌.好氧硝化颗粒污泥的粒径比接种的好氧颗粒污泥的粒径有较明显的减少,沉降速率却比相同粒径的好氧颗粒污泥有较大的改善.好氧硝化颗粒污泥对SSU中有机物和氨氮的转化效率都在90％以上,有效地保证了反应器中较小生长速率的硝化细菌的数量并实现系统的稳定运行.     

厌氧氨氧化菌接种污泥的选择培养过程研究

厌氧氨氧化菌的2种不同接种污泥培养实验表明,厌氧消化污泥和好氧硝化污泥均可成功启动厌氧氨氧化过程.接种厌氧消化污泥比好氧硝化污泥培养的厌氧氨氧化菌启动快,但后者去除效果较好.接种好氧硝化污泥的反应器的厌氧氨氧化速率随着氨氮基质进水浓度的增加呈线性增加.进水氨氮浓度为280 mg/L时的氨氮平均去除率达91%;而接种厌氧消化污泥的相应氨氮平均去除率仅为52%.厌氧氨氧化过程以接种好氧硝化污泥来启动为宜.     

好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的生化性研究

将人工培养的好氧颗粒污泥进行饥饿试验,研究EPS的可生化性.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥EPS是由40%可生物降解EPS和60%不可生物降解EPS组成的,其中可生物降解EPS可作为颗粒污泥自身的能源,而不可生物降解EPS则不行,但其对颗粒污泥的立体结构有巨大作用.将从新鲜好氧颗粒污泥中提取的EPS投加到好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥中,提取的EPS均可被两者作为碳源利用,且活性污泥对EPS的利用速率是好氧颗粒污泥的1.5倍;而从饥饿好氧颗粒中提取的EPS作为两者碳源时,均没有明显的利用效果,说明不可生物降解的EPS不能作为两者的能源.     

Cellulose acetate biodegradability upon exposure to simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactor environments

Cellulose acetate (CA) films with degree of substitution (d.s.) values of 1.7 and 2.5 were exposed to biologically active in-laboratory composting test vessels maintained at approximately 53 °C. The CA 1.7- and 2.5-d.s. films (thickness values of 0.5–1.0 and 2.0 mil, respectively) had completely disappeared by the end of 7- and 18-day exposure time periods in the biologically active bioreactors, respectively. The relatively small CA film weight loss observed in the poisoned control test vessels allows the conclusion that CA film erosion during the composting exposures resulted, at least in part, from biologically mediated processes. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, an active methanogenic inoculum was developed by acclimation of a sewage sludge to a synthetic municipal solid waste (SMSW) mixture at 42°C. The CA 1.7-d.s. film samples (0.5- to 1.0-mil thickness) were exposed in anaerobic serum bottles containing a 25% solids loading of SMSW in which methanogenic activity was rapidly established after introducing of the developed inoculum. For exposures of 30 days only small visually distinguishable fragments of the CA 1.7-d.s. films were recovered. In contrast, exposure of the CA 1.7-d.s. film to a poisoned control test vessel resulted in negligible weight loss. Therefore, degradation of the CA 1.7-d.s. films upon exposure to the anaerobic bioreactors was due, at least in part, to biologically mediated processes.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.     

好氧颗粒污泥系统中丝状菌演替规律及其菌丝缠绕特性分析

为达到固液分离的目的,在SBR中将丝状菌颗粒化.研究发现,反应器中相继出现黄色、黑色和白色3种丝状菌颗粒.3种颗粒中,黑色颗粒和白色颗粒孔隙率基本一致,但黑色颗粒粒径远远大于其他2种颗粒,沉速达最大.对3种颗粒和反应器出水进行了丝状菌菌种鉴定,其中黑色颗粒以真菌为主,白色颗粒以微丝菌为主,黄色颗粒为浮球衣菌和Type0041,出水中除以上菌种外还有其他菌种,如Type0581.研究结果表明:丝状菌以弯曲、分支、不规则生长方式易形成丝状化颗粒;单一丝状菌相互缠绕形成的颗粒的强度高于多种丝状菌所形成的丝状菌颗粒.     

处理垃圾渗滤液好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其脱氮特性

以垃圾渗滤液为试验用水,通过不断增加氨氮负荷(初始氨氮质量浓度从100 mg/L逐渐增加到180 mg/L)、并且适当投加外碳源的策略,在20 d内形成了好氧颗粒污泥,粒径为0.17 ～ 0.20 mm,到第109 d,好氧颗粒污泥粒径达到0.65 ～ 2.10 mm.在培养过程中由于氨氮质量浓度较高,水中游离氨(Free Ammonia,FA)抑制了亚硝酸氧化细菌(Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria,NOB)的活性,形成了短程硝化,并在第20～50d、第89～ 109 d发生了同步硝化反硝化(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification,SN D),其中第89～109 d较为明显,在反应器内部C/N比为3.1～3.9情况下,总氮去除率稳定在70％左右.SEM显示好氧颗粒污泥存在大量孔隙,有利于底物输送.对培养过程中第1d、34 d、54 d、79 d、109 d的荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization,FISH)结果进行统计分析,发现氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria,AOB)分别占总菌量的2.37％、5.54％、7.26％、16.32％、22.33％.冰冻切片FISH结果表明,AOB主要聚集在好氧颗粒污泥的最外层,有利于AOB利用并消耗液相主体中的溶解氧,同时在好氧颗粒污泥内部形成缺氧区,有利于内部实现反硝化.好氧颗粒污泥的粒径越大,内部缺氧区越大,越有利于实现SND.通过对胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymer Substances,EPS)染色,发现好氧颗粒内部β-D-吡喃葡萄糖的空间分布为外层较多,并随着颗粒孔隙向内延伸,在次外层与内层不均匀分布,这很好地解释了好氧颗粒污泥反应器在好氧的运行方式下,发生SND的途径及碳源的可能来源.研究表明,利用好氧颗粒污泥处理垃圾渗滤液具有较高的氨氮去除率(97％以上),好氧颗粒污泥的形态及结构有利于AOB的富集,同时在其内部储存了碳源,有利于SND的发生.     

Fluorescence characteristic changes of dissolved organic matter during municipal solid waste composting

Dissolved organic matter（DOM） of municipal solid waste（MSW） consists of minerals, water, ash and humic substances, and is known to enhance plant growth. In this study, inoculating microbes（Z J, MS） were used in municipal solid wastes composting, and composting implemented a industrialized technology. During composting, dissolved organic matter was extracted from the compost and purified. The spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter was determined by fluorescence emission, excitation, and synchronous spectroscopy. Fluorescence emission, excitation, and synchronous spectra characterized by different relative fluorescent intensities and peaks over time. Fluorescence spectra were similar to that of fulvic acid in sewage sludge, indicating the presence of dissolved organic matter with aromatic structures and a high degree of molecular polymerization. Compared with the controls with no microbial inoculation, the microbe-inoculated treatments exhibited the increase of aromatic polycondensation, in the following order： MS ＋ ZJ 〉 ZJ 〉 MS 〉 CK.