Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in a laboratory controlled composting test

A laboratory method is presented for investigating the biodegradation of an organic test material in an aerobic composting system based on the evolution of carbon dioxide. In addition to carbon conversion, biodegradation can also be monitored through weight loss and physical disintegration. The test method is different from other biodegradation tests, especially aquatic tests, because of the elevated temperature representative for real composting conditions and also because of enhanced fungal degradation activities. A ring test was run using paper and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate/valerate as test materials and cellulose powder as a reference material. The test results and the experience gained by the participants showed that the method is suitable and practicable. Experience with real technical-scale composting facilities confirms that the method provides test results of high predictive value. The test is designed to become a European Standard in connection with determining the compostability of packagings and packaging materials.     

Investigation of organic nitrogen and carbon removal in the aerobic digestion of various sludges

Nitrification and carbon removal are investigated in aerobicbatch digestion of various sludges. The experiments arecarried out with activated sludge (Test 1) and with amixture of activated and primary settling sludge (Test2). The nitrification rate was monitored, measuring theNO₂ ^- concentration. At the 3rd day of thedigestion 40.7 mg_NO2-N/l and 3.89 mg_NO2-N/l werefound in Tests 1 and 2 respectively. In a digestion process,the degradation of biomass indicates the beginning of theendogenous phase. Our measure for biomass content of thesludge was protein analysis. In Test 1, the first day valuesof 50.93 mg_TOC/ g_{dry matter}/day and 138.53mg_protein-C/g_{dry matter}/day for specific TOC andprotein-C removal rates showed, that the digestion processbegan in the endogenous phase. For Test 2, since theendogenous phase began after removal of raw organic matter inprimary settling sludge, specific TOC and protein-C removalrates were observed to be 60.12 mg_TOC/g_{dry matter}/dayand 26.72 mg_protein-C/g_{dry matter}/day,respectively.     

Biological treatment of textile wastewater using sequencing batch reactor technology

This study was conducted to biologically treat wastewater discharged from the textile industry (textiles made of cotton and/or synthetic fiber) using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology (activated sludge process operating on batch mode). To achieve the objectives of the study, the characteristics of textile wastewater and the biodegradation of its organic constituents under unsteady state conditions were studied. Then, a bench-scale pilot plant was used to study the performance of SBR by monitoring the settleability and change in the constituents (chemical oxygen demand and solids) over time. Results of the study showed that textile wastewater has different types of pollutants: heat, basicity, suspended solids, organic and inorganic matter, and heavy metals. The factors affecting the biodegradation of organic matter were determined as the reaction time and the ratio of initial substrate to sludge concentrations. Also, removal of solids was monitored, and the settling velocity as affected by sludge concentration was graphically presented to enable the determination of settling time. Finally, the outcome of this study was used to suggest a procedure for the design of a full-scale SBR unit for treatment of textile wastewater.     

两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液的启动研究

采用两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理早期城市生活垃圾渗滤液。系统出水按不同比例回流到一级UASB中进行反硝化，同时进行产甲烷反应，有机物在二级UASB中被进一步降解，好氧池完成剩余有机物的去除和氨氮的硝化。启动阶段通过对原渗滤液不同比例的稀释，分5次逐步提高进水浓度，启动结束时完成了对原渗滤液的高效处理。在进水COD浓度从3000mg／L提高到15000mg／L，氨氮浓度从250mg／L提高到1400mg／L时，最终COD去除率稳定在92％左右，氨氮去除率可达99％以上，一级UASB中反硝化率接近100％，回流比为300％时系统总氮去除率为70％～80％。     

土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯污染的生物修复机理研究进展

概述了多氯联苯 (PCBs)生物修复过程中影响因素和机理的研究进展 ,重点讨论了PCBs厌氧脱氯 ,好氧降解、真菌对PCBs降解、表面活性剂对PCBs降解的促进及抑制机理 ,以及完全矿化PCBs基因工程菌的构建 ,提出了今后工作展望     

煤灰吸附—两级好氧生物工艺处理制药废水

介绍了煤灰吸附－两级好氧生物处理工艺在武汉健民制药厂废水处理工程上成功使用的实例，并对该工程的优点和不足作了总结和分析。     

四环素生产废水的生物流化床处理工艺设计

以好氧生物处理的基本原理为基础 ,推导了生物流化床工艺的动力学模型 ,并通过试验确定了该工艺用于处理四环素、洁霉素废水的动力学参数 ,从而为生物流化床处理四环素废水的工艺设计提供了依据。     

厌氧-好氧移动床生物膜工艺处理冰淇淋废水的试验研究

研究了厌氧污泥复合床 好氧移动床生物膜反应器串联工艺 ,处理冰淇淋生产废水的工艺性能和影响因素。试验结果表明 ,在进水CODCr 浓度平均为 3 0 0 0mg L ,厌氧反应器容积负荷 7～ 2 0kg m3·d ,好氧反应器容积负荷 1～5kg m3·d ,系统总水力停留时间 13 1～ 2 8h的条件下 ,该串联工艺的CODCr总去除率大于 90 %     

运行调控方式对好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响

采用厌好氧交替的SBR反应器培养好氧颗粒污泥,研究不同运行调控方式形成的好氧颗粒污泥性质的差异。结果表明,通过进料负荷和沉降时间的调控,都可以实现好氧污泥完全颗粒化。通过进料负荷调控培养出的好氧颗粒,污泥浓度大,颗粒周围原后生动物丰富,颗粒存在核心,从中心到表面有明显分层;使用短沉降时间调控培养出的好氧颗粒污泥,颗粒粒径均匀,表面有丝状微生物伸出,污泥浓度较小,颗粒周围少见原后生动物,颗粒从中心到表面无明显分层。两种颗粒的微生物分布具有相似性,即颗粒表面多为杆菌,中心以球菌为主。两种颗粒形成过程中,污泥浓度变化很大,但污泥均保持较高的沉降性,污泥良好的沉降性是形成好氧颗粒污泥的必要前提。