The degradation of parathion and DDT in aqueous systems containing organic additives

Abstract

Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate some of the factors influencing pesticide degradation in‐ aqueous systems. Parathion added to natural water in ethanol, acetone or without organic solvent, was completely degraded within 2 wk. While most of the parathion was reduced to amino‐parathion when added in ethanol, no amino‐parathion was detected in the presence of acetone or when no solvent was added, suggesting that in the latter two cases the insecticide was aerobically degraded to other metabolites. No paraoxon was detected. When ethanol concentration was increased from 1% to 2 and 4%, the rate of parathion degradation was inversely related to the ethanol concentration. In the presence of glucose as a carbon source, approximately 50% of the parathion was reduced to aminoparathion. DDT degradation in natural water was more rapid when it was added in ethanol than when added in acetone. The only DDT metabolite detected was TDE, with about 36% conversion in presence of ethanol, and 20% when the DDT was added in acetone.     

城市生活垃圾发酵制肥

本文以国内外的工程实践为基础,从技术和经济角度介绍城市生活垃圾中的可腐有机物发酵制肥的基本原理、好氧和厌氧发酵技术的工艺特点、适应条件、建设投资、资源回收和环境影响等。建议在我国经济发达的城市推广应用厌氧发酵制肥技术。     

Distribution of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(ε-caprolactone)aerobic degrading microorganisms in different environments

To assess the capacity of the natural environment for degrading plastics, the populations of poly(-hydroxybutyrate)(PHB)-and poly(-caprolactone)(PCL)-degrading aerobic microorganisms and their ratios to the total number of microorganisms in soil samples were estimated by the plate count method with agar medium containing emulsified PHB or PCL. The numbers of the degrading microorganisms were determined by counting colonies that formed clear zones on the plate. It was found that PHB- and PCL-degrading (depolymerizing) microorganisms are distributed over many kinds of material, including landfill leachate, compost, sewage sludge, forest soil, farm soil, paddy soil, weed field soil, roadside sand, and pond sediment. Of total colony counts, the percentages of PHB and PCL degrading microorganisms were 0.2–11.4 and 0.8–11.0%, respectively. The results suggest that many kinds of degrading microorganisms are present in each environment and that specific consortia differing in biodegradation capacity are constructed.     

低碳源废水培养的好氧颗粒污泥常温储存后活性恢复研究

通过考察好氧颗粒污泥特征、比耗氧速率（SOUR）、处理效果和菌群的变化,探索常温储存实际低碳源废水培养出的好氧颗粒污泥的可行性.试验结果表明,常温清水储存60d后颗粒结构未出现明显解体;污泥浓度由4960mg/L小幅降低至4740mg/L,但沉降性能保持良好（SVI为24.2mL/g）;SOUR整体下降较小（16%）,尤其是硝化菌的SOUR;污泥菌群在门和属水平上的相对丰度均发生了变化.在恢复运行后,颗粒形态恢复快且良好,粒径在长期运行后明显增大（200~250μm）;污泥沉降性能始终保持良好（SVI<20mL/g）,SOUR在运行20d后既能恢复;运行11d后COD处理效果完全恢复（平均出水COD为53mg/L）,运行5d后NH₄⁺-N处理效果完全恢复（平均出水NH₄⁺-N为0.7mg/L）.常温清水储存好氧颗粒污泥不仅操作方便,而且反应器能快速恢复稳定运行,具有显著的实际应用价值.     

气泡直径对气-液-污泥流态及污泥颗粒化的影响

通过建立三维Eulerian-Eulerian模型,用计算流体动力学模拟了鼓泡好氧活性污泥反应器中,不同气泡直径下气-液-污泥三相流的流态,分析了反应器内的流体动力学特性,并研究了其对污泥颗粒化的影响机理.结果表明：曝气头表面的孔径大小与反应器中气含率负相关,而与污泥所受的水力剪切速率正相关.气相、液相速度与曝气头的孔径和表观气速正相关.反应器中的流态由尺度较大的环流和尺度较小的旋涡构成.随着表观气速和入口气泡直径的增加,液相和颗粒的流态均由尺度较大的环流转变为尺度较小的旋涡.相同曝气孔径时,液相与颗粒的流态之间存在差异,且气泡直径越小,表观气速越大,两者的差异越明显.为满足好氧污泥颗粒化所需的凝聚条件,反应器中曝气头孔径应大于1mm.     

水库与河流沉积物中好氧甲烷氧化菌群落差异性研究

甲烷在自然生态系统碳循环过程中起着重要作用,氮素形态的差异影响了甲烷氧化菌的氧化作用.选取北京市密云水库和北运河两类不同污染类型的水体作为研究区域,采用克隆文库分子生物学的方法,探究氮素形态及其来源的差异对MOB细菌群落特征的影响.结果表明：密云水库与北运河沉积物中氮素形态有显著差异,水库中氮素以NO₃^--N为主,河流中氮素以NH₄⁺-N为主;氮素形态的差异影响了MOB细菌的系统发育,密云水库沉积物中MOB细菌的高同源性菌群主要来自湖泊生态系统,与NO₃^--N有较强的响应关系,北运河沉积物中MOB细菌高同源性菌群主要来自污水处理厂废水和活性淤泥,与NH₄⁺-N有较强的响应关系,不同环境中氮素对MOB细菌的影响主要依赖于氮素的主要存在形态及其主要来源.北运河等重污染河流中MOB细菌群落的联系更紧密更趋于模块化,对环境变化的敏感程度更高,微生物更脆弱,更容易受到水质变化以及人类活动的干扰.北运河沉积物中NH₄⁺-N对MOB细菌氧化速率的抑制性强于密云水库沉积物中NO₃^--N对甲烷氧化的抑制作用.重污染的城市河流中高浓度的NH₄⁺-N通过抑制甲烷氧化速率和促进产甲烷产生速率的双重作用影响了河流沉积物中甲烷的产生.     

好氧-兼氧-好氧法处理氯碱生产废水

介绍了好氧－兼氧－好氧系统处理氯碱行业电石渣上清液、助剂废水的工艺流程和处理效果。废水经处理后，进水COD从1000mg/L下降至90mg/L以下，COD去除率平均为87.5%,BOD5去除率平均为93.3%，出水指标达到GB8978－1996一级排放标准。     

城市垃圾二次性好氧堆肥化工艺的若干设计方程

二次性好氧堆肥化工艺是基于将堆肥化过程中高温微生物和中温微生物在分开的、各自适宜的环境中 进行不同基质降解和稳定化的一种较新工艺．通过实验，由物料平衡式结合微生物反应动力学 建立了 城市垃圾二次性好氧堆肥工艺的若干基本设计方程式：一次发酵阶段的生物降解方程， Ｋ Ａｖ 值高的易降解物具有一级反应的性质，试验求出的比率常数 Ｋｄ 为０１１９ ｄ － １ ；一次 发酵阶段的堆肥减量二元线性方程，减量主要与挥发性固体降解率和水份蒸发量有关；一次 发酵动态反应器容积和二次发酵构筑物有效面积的计算式，计算式主要考虑了减量、容重变化及堆肥返料量的影响；一次发酵阶段所需理论通风量的计算式，通风量主要由微生 物需氧量和水份蒸发量所需的空气量组成，后者需气量往往大于前者，有时高达２ ～６ 倍．     

基于数学模型的AAO系统阶跃响应特性分析

以厌氧/缺氧/好氧(AAO)工艺数学模型为基础,利用灵敏度分析和响应速度从幅度和动力学两方面进行了AAO工艺操作变量的阶跃响应特性分析.结果表明,在AAO系统中,进水流量(Qf)、剩余污泥排放量(WAS)、污泥回流量(RAS)和混合液回流量(MLR)对出水水质的灵敏度较高.其中,WAS的响应速度较慢,适用于系统的长期调整.好氧区溶解氧(DO)适合于出水氨氮的短期调整,RAS和MLR对于出水总氮均是灵敏、快速的变量,RAS会显著影响出水总磷,而MLR对出水总磷影响很小.AAO系统功能性菌群受Qf影响很大.除Qf外,WAS和RAS是对异养菌和自养菌浓度影响较大的变量,聚磷菌浓度对操作变量的灵敏度大小顺序为WAS>MLR>RAS>DO.     

Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge in a conventional,continuous flow,completely mixed activated sludge system

Aerobic granules were formed in a conventional, continuous flow, completely mixed activated sludge system (CMAS). The reactor was inoculated with seed sludge containing few filaments and fed with synthetic municipal wastewater. The settling time of the sludge and the average dissolved oxygen (DO) of the reactor were 2 h and 4.2 mg·L^-1, respectively. The reactor was agitated by a stirrer, with a speed of 250 r·min^-1, to ensure good mixing．The granular sludge had good settleability, and the sludge volume index (SVI) was between 50 and 90 mL·g^-1. The laser particle analyzer showed the diameter of the granules to be between 0.18 and 1.25 mm. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation revealed the predominance of sphere-like and rod-like bacteria, and only few filaments grew in the granules. The microbial community structure of the granules was also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Sequencing analysis indicated the dominant species were α, β, and γ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. The data from the study suggested that aerobic granules could form, if provided with sufficient number of filaments and high shear force. It was also observed that a high height-to-diameter ratio of the reactor and short settling time were not essential for the formation of aerobic granular sludge.