Between municipal and regional planning: the development of regional district heating systems in Stockholm from 1978 to 2010

District heating (DH) is an important part of the Swedish energy system and one of the most important climate measures at the municipal level. The Swedish planning system gives a large amount of power to municipalities, thus leaving the regional level weak. Despite this, the DH systems in Stockholm have developed into regional systems; how has this development occurred and what made it possible? Regional and municipal strategies concerning DH and energy from 1978 to 2010 have been studied through Regional plans and comprehensive plans. The conclusions show that the municipal DH systems have grown and become interconnected, thus fulfilling one of the most important regional strategies: to expand and interconnect the systems to be able to build combined heat and power plants. This is not entirely due to the regional strategies, however; the local importance of the system, economic reasons and supply security are other explanations. The study shows that regional importance generally has grown, and thus also the regional focus on DH. As environmental and climate issues have risen on the agenda, the importance of DH from the municipal perspective has become more evident, as well as a shift from supply orientation to more focus on energy efficiency.     

Modeling of Low Temperature Geothermal District Heating Systems

Abstract

In this work, low temperature geothermal district heating systems with heat pumps have been studied and compared with fuel-oil boiler heating systems for intermittent and continuous regimes according to the optimum indoor air temperature and operational cost. Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH) Campus is taken as a case study. Various heat pump and boiler configurations are studied to meet required duty. Operational cost analysis for each alternative is conducted. According to the results, for IZTECH Campus the best alternative, which gives the optimum indoor air temperature and the lowest operational cost, is heat pump continuous regime.     

Solar Assisted Small-Scale Biomass District Heating System in the Northern Part of Sweden

Abstract

This article presents a case study of a projected solar assisted biomass district heating system in the north of Sweden. It is generally known that a biomass district heating system combined with solar heat brings many important benefits. The most common system solution is to install a heat store and a large solar collector field near the heating central. No plant of this type is however in operation in the northern part of Sweden. The main reason for this is that the solar irradiation at these latitudes is very low when the demand for heat is high. Solar heat could however be useful during summer in order to generate hot tap water. One problem is that the heat losses, calculated as percentage of the delivered heat, become very large during these months. This article presents the idea of allowing the connected households to generate their own hot tap water using solar collectors and heat stores installed in each house. The district heating network can therefore be closed in summer, which eliminates the heat losses outside the heating period. A case study of a projected plant has been carried out and it is shown that it is possible to reduce the heat losses by 20% compared to a conventional system. This idea also provides many other important technical and economic benefits.     

浅析锅炉水处理的必要性

锅炉给水不进行处理,必然导致锅炉的结垢和腐蚀。锅炉结垢使锅炉供暖效率降低,严重时可能会造成熔孔或爆管。     

2种改性活性炭对甲苯吸附性能的对比研究

利用微波、电炉加热对活性炭进行改性,并测定了改性前后不同种类活性炭对甲苯的吸附性能、表面酸碱官能团含量以及比表面积.结果表明,对于微波改性,随着改性温度升高,活性炭对甲苯的吸附量逐渐增大,表面碱性官能团含量也相应增加,比表面积相应减小.改性温度850℃时活性炭吸附甲苯性能最高,650℃与450℃改性后活性炭吸附甲苯的性能相差不大.电加热改性也具有类似的趋势,但对甲苯的吸附性能总体低于微波改性.扫描电镜表征显示,热改性去除了活性炭孔道内的杂质,使活性炭内部孔道更加通畅,有利于提高吸附甲苯的能力,但温度升高同样存在炭骨架收缩,孔道变窄的弊端.微波加热和电炉加热在原理和热传递方向上的不同.是导致改性结果之间差别的关键问题.     

沼气伴热研究进展

介绍了温度对厌氧发酵过程的影响,综述了解决低温发酵问题的各种措施,包括加热沼气池、优选低温菌种、添加促进剂以及改善发酵工艺,提出驯化低温发酵菌种是将来的主要研究方向。     

水中高锰酸盐指数测定全程质量控制

质量控制是环境监测赖以生存和发展的基础,加强全程质量控制才能确保监测数据的准确性和可靠性。结合环境监测工作实际,应用国标经典分析方法-酸性法／碱性法《水和废水监测分析方法》（第四版）（增补版）对水中高锰酸盐指数测定进行了全程质量控制技术探讨。简介了方法所需仪器与试剂,深入探讨了运用国标法进行水中高锰酸盐指数测定全程质量控制技术问题。指出在标准分析方法基础上,选用有效期内的质量合格的分析纯以上试剂,正确进行样品测定预处理,严格规范加热操作与滴定过程,准确进行分析结果数据处理,切实加强结果填报规定程式．能够确保大批量、成分复杂未知水样高锰酸盐指数测定精密度和准确度。     

原油加热炉对流炉管表面积灰清理技术的应用

针对鲁宁线和中洛线原油加热炉炉管穿孔现象,对加热炉积灰成分、性质及成因进行了分析,提出有效的高压蒸汽清灰技术。现场应用表明,该技术可提高炉管换热效率、减少炉管的腐蚀,确保加热炉的安全运行。     

齐齐哈尔市热电联产项目节能减排分析

以热电联产集中供热作为节能减排的重要措施,分析了齐齐哈尔市热电联产项目在节能降耗和污染减排中的作用.     

基于地面试验的土壤表面阻抗估算研究

基于地面试验,利用土壤蒸发计算公式求算土壤水汽阻力的反推法,论文对土壤表面阻抗进行了估算,并研究了土壤表面阻抗与土壤含水量之间的关系。反推法所需参数土壤蒸发量由称重法获得,空气实际水汽压由观测的相对湿度和空气温度数据计算而得,土壤表面饱和水汽压由观测的土壤表面温度计算而得,空气动力学阻抗由观测的涡度相关数据计算而得。研究结果表明,土壤表面阻抗与土壤质量含水量之间存在较好的指数函数关系,即土壤表面阻抗随土壤质量含水量的增加呈指数函数递减,由此说明通过土壤含水量计算土壤表面阻抗是一种新的可行途径。另外,在计算过程中也发现空气动力学阻抗的准确计算是应用反推法获取土壤表面阻抗的最关键因素,也是给此方法带来不确定性最大的因素,较大的空气动力学阻抗误差甚至会使土壤表面阻抗出现负值。