再入攻角对弹头锥身气动热环境及结构热响应影响研究

目的分析再入弹头锥身气动热环境及结构热响应,研究再入攻角振荡对其影响规律。方法建立基于工程法的气动热/结构热响应耦合计算方法,并采用该方法开展锥身典型位置气动热环境及结构热性计算分析。结果随着再入攻角的振荡衰减,各典型子午面冷壁热流密度曲线围绕90°子午面热流密度曲线振荡,其振幅呈现先振荡增大、后振荡衰减的变化规律。与90°子午面相比,各子午面总加热量均有所增大。再入攻角振荡引起的金属层外壁面温度最大振荡幅值为3K,但对最终时刻结构温度影响较小。结论计算弹道条件下,再入飞行攻角振荡对气动热环境及结构热响应影响较小,可通过增加余量的方式给予考虑。     

Energy and exergy analysis of a PCM-based solar powered winter air conditioning using desiccant wheel during nocturnal

In this paper, heating and humidification of air for space have been carried out by using a phase change material (PCM)-based solar-powered desiccant wheel air conditioning (SPDWAC) in winter. The analysis of the setup has been done at different air flow rates. At low and high air flow rates, system has mean thermal coefficient of performance of 0.121 and 0.172, respectively, and mean exergy efficiency of 0.0787 and 0.0846, respectively. The mean thermal coefficient of performance of the system at high air flow rate (127.23 kg h-1) is 1.42 times the low air flow rate (63.62 kg h-1) and average exergy efficiency of the system at high air flow rate is 1.07 times the low air flow rate. It is observed that with an increase in air flow rate, efficiency of the evacuated tube solar air collector (ETSAC) increases. The average efficiency of the ETSAC at high air flow rate is 15.60%. The maximum average energy efficiency (17.80%) and exergy efficiency (17.08%) of the PCM storage system have been obtained at high air flow rate. The overall performance of the system showed that the use of PCM storage is feasible to run the system in winter during the hours of darkness.     

Transformations in carbon and nitrogen-forms in peat subjected to progressive thermal stress as revealed by analytical pyrolysis

To study the characteristic N-forms of humic-type materials, samples of sapric peat from Galicia (northern Spain) were heated at 350 °C for 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 s, and studied by Curie-point Py-GC/MS, solid-state CPMAS ¹³C-NMR and ¹⁵N-NMR spectroscopies. NMR analysis of the peat samples in the progressive heating stages showed the concentration of heterocyclic N-forms, the maximum structural transition amide-to-heterocyclic forms being observed in samples heated for 120 s (56% heterocyclic N and 34% aromatic C). Under more drastic conditions all N-forms were depleted. Correlation between spectroscopic and pyrolytic data betrayed specific pyrolytic markers for the different N-forms. The intensity of the ¹⁵N-NMR amide peak tended to be positively correlated to the yield of indoles, imidazoles and pyrazoles, and negatively correlated to those of benzonitriles and pyrazines. Analytical pyrolysis also showed a progressive enrichment in lipids and alkyl macromolecules with increasing heating intensity, and a decrease in lignin-derived, polysaccharide-derived and N-containing compounds. The relative abundance of non-methoxyphenolic aromatic compounds did not change. The N-compounds in peat samples unheated or heated for 60–90 s released methylpyrazole, dimethylpyrroline, methyldiphenylindole and pyrazole, whereas peat samples heated for 120 s mainly yielded methylpyrazine and methyldiphenylindole. Dimethylpyrroline and pyrazine prevailed in samples heated for 150 s, whereas samples heated for 180 s yielded mainly pyrrole. Pyrolysis data presented low possibilities for forecasting the extent of the O-alkyl domain, but reflected quantitatively the transformations in the lignin-like moiety. Both techniques coincide in pointing out the accumulation of a recalcitrant alkyl domain possibly derived from abiotic condensations or inherited lipid biomacromolecules.     

The effect of ventilation on spontaneous heating of coal

Ventilation plays an important role in the spontaneous heating of coal in an underground coal mine. If the ventilation rate is too high, heat is carried away by convection. If the ventilation rate is too low, the reaction rate becomes oxygen-limited. The effect of ventilation on the spontaneous heating of coal was investigated in an isothermal oven in this study. Experiments were conducted on three U.S. coal samples with ventilation rates ranging from 100 to 500 cm³/min. Experiments under ventilation were conducted to determine the critical ambient temperature, which is the minimum oven temperature required for a coal sample to achieve thermal runaway. Spontaneous heating tests were then conducted at various ventilation rates at the critical ambient temperature and the results were compared with spontaneous heating tests without ventilation. It was found that there is an optimum ventilation flow to produce the maximum rate of temperature rise at the critical ambient temperature. When the coal sample particle size was increased, a higher critical ambient temperature was required. The results in this study have application in the prevention of spontaneous combustion in underground coal mines.     

District heating and ambivalent energy transition paths in urban and rural contexts

ABSTRACT

Most institutions and industrial actors believe that district heating infrastructure can play a key role in accelerating the transition to low-carbon energy systems. In this article we test this belief in Italy, starting from a census of all existing plants, subdivided by sources of supply and business organization models. We isolate two types of district heating (urban and rural) and find that they are different with respect to their approaches to energy transition. In rural areas, networks constitute systems that can empower the local techno-institutional complex to achieve a technological leap. Set in a pre-existing social network, district heating reinforces a sense of community and facilitates the involvement of various local players in a collective project. In the case of biomass, we are faced with local systems that have almost completed the transition with regard to the production of thermal and sometimes electric energy. In urban areas, on the other hand, networks represent functional devices for the stabilization of the techno-institutional complex. They allow cities to work on the circularity of some economies, generating added value from the same factors of production. The discrepancy between urban and rural contexts thus highlights the need to consider the ambivalence of district heating technology.     

流体载热远红外气相辐射加热效果及影响因素研究

在“选择性催化还原法(SCR)脱硝-湿法脱硫”系统中,用SCR脱硝后回收的部分废热作为低温热源对湿法脱硫后的烟气进行远红外气相辐射加热,则可实现低成本、高效、简便的烟气再热.以导热油为载热流体,对远红外气相辐射加热湿法脱硫烟气的效果及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明:流体载热远红外气相辐射加热方式较传统加热方式效果明显;加热终温随导热油温度和进口气体温度升高而升高,而随辐射距离、进口气体流量增大而降低;加热速率随导热油温度升高而增大,而随辐射距离、进口气体温度和进口气体流量增加而减小;加热管所涂涂料的性能是影响辐射加热效果的重要因素之一.     

APS-SMPS-WPS对南京夏季气溶胶数浓度的对比观测

为了对比3321型空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS)、3081/3085型气溶胶粒径谱仪(SMPS)和宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)对气溶胶数浓度的观测性能,于2010年夏季在南京信息工程大学校内使用上述三台仪器进行了同步观测.将得到的数据进行对比,并结合校内自动气象站的气象资料对0.01~10μm气溶胶粒子的数浓度、日变化规律及谱分布特征进行分析.结果表明,3台仪器在总体数浓度变化趋势上表现出较好的一致性,但相同粒径段的粒子浓度NSMPS>NWPS>NAPS.SMPS比WPS尺度分辨率高,粒径范围在0.02~0.2μm时,SMPS与WPS相关性较好;APS测量气溶胶数浓度谱的连续性较WPS好.3种仪器在观测日变化趋势上都表现出双峰型,但SMPS的峰值浓度和出现峰值的粒径范围均高于或大于WPS.各类气象条件及降水对仪器间的测量误差影响不大.     

北京城区2007~2012年细颗粒物数浓度时空演化

为反映近年来北京城区细颗粒物数浓度时空演化过程,利用MODEL 3886GEO-α手持式激光粒子计数仪连续采集了2007~2012年北京城区93个采样点 6月上旬~7月上旬(非采暖期)和12月上旬~次年的1月上旬(采暖期)细粒径颗粒物PM (0.3、0.3~0.5、0.5~1.0) 的粒子数浓度数据,然后在地统计和空间分析方法的基础上,探究了北京城区细颗粒物数浓度的时空演化特征.结果表明,PM0.3在采暖期的数值均高于其在非采暖期的浓度值,而PM0.3~0.5和PM0.5~1.0在两个不同的采样期浓度值有高有低;采暖期不同下垫面细颗粒浓度差异较明显,而非采暖期下垫面类型对细颗粒浓度的影响相对较弱;非采暖期,北京城区南部的丰台区和东部的朝阳区细颗粒物污染最严重,市中心次之,而北部的海淀区和西部的石景山区污染相对较轻;采暖期,北京城区细颗粒物污染主要集中在朝阳区的东部和东南部,以及市中心及其周边区域.     

吹苯塔塔底加热系统的改进和栅板固定

介绍了某厂吹苯塔生产过程中采用直接蒸气加热存在的问题,提出了加热系统的改进和使用方法。     

乌鲁木齐市大气污染治理成效的综合评估分析

2012~2013年乌鲁木齐采用了以煤改气为主的大气环境治理措施.利用2009~2014年冬季主要污染物浓度、1993~2014年的直接辐射、能见度、霾日数据,并参考相关文献,从大气环境的化学属性、物理属性两个方面评估煤改气等工程措施对乌鲁木齐市大气环境的改善效果.结果表明, 2013~2014年两个冬季乌鲁木齐市主要污染物PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂浓度比煤改气前期(2009~2011年冬季)各自下降了26.1%、80.2%、11.6%;细颗粒物PM_2.5中水溶性物质的总浓度比例下降了20.57%.煤改气工程前后PM_2.5中可溶性离子浓度排名前三位的均是SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-,但后期SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺占据PM_2.5质量浓度比例比前期下降近一半,NO₃^-质量浓度比例变化不大.从大气物理特性来看,煤改气等工程之后乌鲁木齐冬季直接辐射量提高,且2014/2015年冬季的直接辐射量是过去23年中第二个峰值;2012/2013年冬季能见度平均增加了5.7km,是1997年以来的最大值.与上年度同期相比,增幅达35.0%;2012/2013年冬季霾日数比上年度同期减少了15d,降幅达50%.上述结果说明乌鲁木齐市的大气环境得到了一定程度的改善.