通信指挥方舱取暖试验方法优化研究

目的 提高通指车辆低温环境试验效率、缩短试验周期和节约试验成本.方法 采取经验梳理、理论分析、试验验证和数据分析相结合方法,分别绘画出同一通指车辆方舱在?30、?40℃两个环境中相同时间内的升温曲线.结果 在相同的加热时间内,同一通指车辆方舱在?30、?40℃两个环境中的升温曲线基本吻合.结论 在对暖风机升温性能测试时,可以将GJB 219B—2005《军用通信车通用规范》中规定的方舱取暖测试用环境温度值由?30℃改为?40℃或其他方便测试的温度.     

成都市气温与PM2.5和O3交互作用对疾病死亡人数的影响研究

利用成都市2014~2016年逐日呼吸系统疾病和心脑血管疾病死亡资料、同期气象资料和PM_2.5日均浓度和每日臭氧最大8h平均浓度（O₃）资料,采用分布滞后模型以及广义相加模型中的独立效应模型、非参数二元响应模型和温度分层模型探究了成都市气温、PM_2.5和O₃单效应,以及气温与PM_2.5（或O₃）交互作用对当地呼吸和心脑血管疾病死亡人数的影响.单效应分析结果表明,气温与两种疾病死亡人数的累计暴露-反应关系均呈反“J”型分布,最适温度在22.2℃,该温度对应的疾病死亡人数最少;累积滞后1d的PM_2.5（或O₃）对应的健康风险最大,此时,PM_2.5和O₃浓度每升高10μg/m³,呼吸系统疾病死亡风险分别增加0.58%和0.54%,心脑血管疾病死亡风险分别增加0.35%和0.66%.分季节研究结果表明,PM_2.5对两种疾病死亡影响的健康风险冬季最高,而O₃的健康风险在秋季最显著.交互作用的研究结果表明,高温与高浓度的PM_2.5（或O₃）对疾病死亡的影响存在协同放大效应,当气温高于22.2℃时,PM_2.5和O₃浓度每升高10μg/m³,对应的呼吸系统疾病死亡风险分别增加2.30%和1.14%,心脑血管疾病死亡风险分别增加1.09%和1.03%.研究结果提示O₃对人群健康的影响也不容忽视,应该引起足够的重视.     

北京冬季重污染过程黑碳气溶胶的飞机观测

利用空中国王飞机平台搭载单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）针对北京2016年12月冬季一次污染过程进行了连续观测,阐述了污染发生、发展和消散过程中的黑碳（BC）气溶胶质量浓度、粒径分布和混合状态的变化特征.结果表明,此次污染过程是以PM_2.5污染为主的霾污染过程,最大值为432μg/m³.NO₂、SO₂和CO等气态污染物浓度经过3次污染积累阶段,为PM_2.5最终爆发增长提供了物质基础.静稳的大气条件为PM_2.5爆发增长提供了动力条件.污染发展过程中BC气溶胶先在地面累积增加,然后向高空传输;清除过程则是高空先被移除,低层缓慢降低.污染发展过程中北京地区黑碳气溶胶在边界层（PBL）浓度变化为先升高后减小,平均浓度为3.45μg/m³,质量中值直径（MMD）范围在190~220nm.随着污染过程的发展,气溶胶迅速老化,PBL内的BC老化比例在一天内可从27%增加到了51%,老化过程使得PM_2.5质量浓度爆发增长.污染过程中BC在边界层的垂直演变导致大气加热率发生变化,有利于逆温的维持和发展,加剧了污染物过程.     

北京地区2019年2~3月供暖结束前后两次污染过程特征分析

以2019年2~3月北京两次污染过程为例,针对气象要素及污染物浓度进行特征分析,利用后向轨迹及WRF-CAMx模式,分析供暖结束前后的污染物演变规律,并探讨气象条件、区域输送及二次转化等对污染过程的影响.结果表明,2月21~24日（过程1）和3月18~20日（过程2）平均ρ（PM_2.5）差异不大,分别为100.1 μg·m^-3和97.2 μg·m^-3,但过程1平均峰值偏高、日变化明显、过程发展迅速和有两个峰值阶段,且为区域性污染,而过程2更倾向于北京局地污染.两次过程逐时ρ（SO₂）均不超16 μg·m^-3,供暖燃煤治理效果显著,但过程1的SO₂存在夜间次峰值,体现供暖排放影响.过程1的ρ（CO）较高,尤其是2月21~22日前后ρ（CO）/ρ（SO₂）升高,且区域中南部城市及北京南部背景站污染高于城区,表明过程1扩散条件不利,且第一个峰值主要受区域输送影响.过程2的ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（CO）偏高,表明二次生成PM_2.5占比略大;ρ（NO₂）/ρ（CO）、ρ（SO₂）/ρ（CO）和ρ（SO₄^2-）/ρ（PM_2.5）偏大,SOR与过程1持平,表明过程1更有利于气体相态转化,过程2受工业燃煤影响更大.但将过程1分阶段分析显示,过程1第二阶段与过程2的PM_2.5二次生成指征相似,均高于过程1第一阶段,即过程1第二个峰值与过程2主要与本地排放和化学转化相关.WRF-CMAx对污染物演变趋势有较好的再现能力.同化试验对PM_2.5趋势模拟显著提升,提高了与观测的相关性,但模拟值偏低;对NO₂的模拟2月偏低、3月偏高,对SO₂模拟明显偏高有一定纠正;此外,过程2中北京污染物浓度对河北的敏感性相对过程1偏低,即过程1受区域输送影响更大.模式对污染暴发性增长的模拟亟待提升,污染物种类对减排的响应及大气氧化剂和气溶胶性质相关的反馈等可能是影响模拟效果的重要原因,需进一步研究.     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂设计新思路探讨

以兴义市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂工程为例,介绍了该项目设计的主要内容;总结了项目设计中节省投资和改善环境的新思路,以助于推进生活垃圾焚烧处理技术的应用。     

加热与酸化与芬顿试剂对乳化液处理效果的研究

乳化液废水含有大量表面活性剂,化学性质稳定,给处理带来很大难度。为解决乳化液处理困难的问题,我们以某电子制造商产生的乳化液废水为研究对象,采取加热酸化-Fenton氧化开展处理研究,意在解决实际工程中乳化液废水处理困难的问题,同时为乳化液废水处理在技术上提供新的思路。在加热酸化-Fenton氧化处理中,由于乳化液稳定性极好,传统酸化破乳效果不理想,将加热用于酸化破乳,油水分离效果明显,在加酸量1.0 mL 98%H2SO4/100mL乳化液、加热温度95℃、加热时间1h条件下,加热酸化破乳使初始COD20万mg/L,浊度8000 NTU的乳化液废水COD降到46592mg/L,浊度降到20 NTU以下,COD和浊度的去除率分别达90.7%和97.5%以上;由于破乳后的废水仍具有很高的COD浓度,因此采取Fenton氧化进一步处理,在ρFe2+/ρH2O2=1∶30、ρH2O2/ρCOD=1.4、初始pH=4的条件下,经处理后的出水COD可降到18600 mg/L,去除率达61.4%,其B/C可由破乳后的0.11提高到0.3,废水的可生化性大大提高,为后续进一步处理提供可能。     

Analysis of 3-D Urban Databases with Respect to Pollution Dispersion for a Number of European and American Cities

Dispersion models require as input various geometrical parameters to calculate the flow field and dispersion characteristics in the urban environment. As a result of recent advances in digital photogrammetry and remote sensing, databases of the actual 3-D geometry of city centre areas are now increasingly available. In this work we outline a procedure to reduce this large amount of data to a structured input for urban pollution dispersion models, i.e. to extract the important flow and dispersion parameters from the urban databases. Based on a review of the scientific literature, we have identified a number of parameters relevant to the modelling of pollution dispersion and atmospheric flows in urban areas. These parameters are: the plan and frontal area densities, the plan and frontal area density as a function of height, the distribution of heights, their standard deviation, the aerodynamic roughness length and the sky view factor.These parameters are obtained by analysing urban Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) which are regularly spaced grids of elevation values. Examples of the parameters calculated from high-resolution databases (with pixel size of about 1 m) for three European (London, Toulouse and Berlin) and two North American (Salt Lake City and Los Angeles) cities are presented and discussed. The calculated aerodynamic roughness length was smaller for the European cities than for the North American ones. A multiplicative correction factor to the aerodynamic roughness length is proposed to include the effect of the variability of the building heights.     

Physical Modelling of Urban Roughness using Arrays of Regular Roughness Elements

The aerodynamic behaviour of large urbanagglomerations must be represented in increasingly greaterdetail, as large-scale numerical weather prediction and airpollution dispersion models are refined. The present studyprovides detailed measurements of the flow field in regulararrays of obstacles to obtain representative data on meanflow and turbulence statistics in urban-type areas. Obstacle arrays consisting of simple cubes and flat plateroughness commonly used in boundary layer simulations wereplaced in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer flow in ahydraulic flume. The scale factor was about 1:200 based onthe obstacle height (50 mm). The results show noappreciable `constant stress' region in the internalboundary layer above the buildings, since in any finite-length test array the boundary layer is always developing.However, if the RMS turbulence components are scaled by thelocal values of the shear stress, then there seems to be auniversal scaling, with _u/u_* = 2.1,_v/u_* = 1.65 and _w/u_* = 1.2. This greatly simplifies the parameterization of the first orderturbulence statistics in obstacle arrays. It was alsoobserved during the experiments that, compared to results inthe cube arrays, the turbulence kinetic energy and theReynolds stresses were almost doubled in the flat plateroughness arrays.     

Solid State Reactions of Potato Starch with Urea and Biuret

Reaction of granular potato starch with urea and biuret resulted in the formation of products, which were soluble neither in cold nor boiling water. The net reaction was a monosubstitution of the hydrogen atom in one hydroxyl group in each D-glucose unit of starch with the either CO–NH₂ or CO–NH–CO–NH₂ moiety, respectively. Properties of the products, particularly these with urea, depended on the mode of reaction. Reactions were carried out in the microwave oven as well as with convection heating. The products retained the granular form of starch but a vast majority of granules were damaged. -Amylolysis of those materials revealed that their susceptibility to the enzyme increasing in the order: starch-amylolysis with simultaneous insolubility in water make these products suitable as ruminant fodder and, eventually, biodegradable material.