Ecophysiological responses of winter wheat seedling to aerosol wet deposition of Xi’an area, China

Aerosol leads to 30% reduction in solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface, and a similar reduction in crops yield for both wheat and rice. To determine the effect of aerosol wet deposition on crops, aerosol samples were collected in September, 2006 at Xi’an urban suburb (34?44 N, 109?49 E), and wheat seedlings were treated with aerosol of different concentrations in laboratory conditions. Changes in physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat seedlings were measured. In comparison with the control, the activities of superoxide dismudase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the concentration malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) of wheat seedlings increased progressively with increasing concentrations of added aerosol, while the opposite trend was seen for the activities of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO), and the ratio of GSH/GSSG. When the seedlings were treated with the aerosol of 1 and 2 mg/L, the coleoptile elongation, shoot elongation and biomass accumulation were increased, the effect at treatment of 2 mg/L was most significant. However, aerosol treatments with rates of 3 and 4 mg/L resulted in a decrease in coleoptile elongation, shoot elongation and biomass accumulation in seedlings, and significant effect was for the treatment of 4 mg/L. Hence, lower concentrations of aerosol wet deposition were in favor of crops growth, but its higher concentrations could result in deleterious effects for crops and decreased crops growth.     

赣中盛源盆地及邻区橄榄玄粗岩系列火山岩中黑云母化学成分特征

本文利用电子探针技术对赣中盛源盆地及邻区橄榄玄粗岩系列火山岩中黑云母的类型、化学成分及结晶时的温度和氧逸度条件等进行了研究。黑云母为镁质黑云母;结晶时温度的大致范围为1 060°C~1 100°C,氧逸度大致范围为1-0 7bar~1-0 9bar。本文研究表明,黑云母的化学成分研究是揭示岩石成因类型的一种有效途径,可为研究岩体成因类型以及成岩时的物理化学条件提供依据,并对成岩具有重要的指示意义。     

基于碳同位素组成的大气NMHCs光化学寿命研究

利用热解析-气相色谱-同位素质谱联用仪测定了兰州市冬季和夏季昼夜大气非甲烷烃(NMHCs)的稳定碳同位素组成.结果表明,兰州市冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值为-30.5‰～-24.3‰,夏季为-31.9‰～-24.2%,受燃煤烟气排放的影响,冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值明显大于夏季;冬季大气NMHCs的δ13C值夜晚大于白天,夏季不同时间点C4、C5化合物的同位素值相差不大,正己烷和正庚烷的δ13C值白天比夜晚要高.利用"碳氢化合物同位素时钟"计算出正己烷和1-丁烯在兰州市夏季大气中的平均光化学寿命分别约为6d和25min.     

磁场对厌氧除Cr(Ⅵ)工艺产气组成的影响及其机理分析

研究了磁场对优势菌去除Cr(Ⅵ)生物系统出水pH与ρ(COD_(Cr))以及产气中ρ(H_2S),ρ(NH_3),ρ(H_2),ρ(CH_4),ρ(CO_2)和ρ(VOCs)的影响. 结果表明:磁场系统(系统B)出水pH均比无磁系统(系统A)略低;系统B对COD_(Cr)的消耗效率明显高于系统A;磁场的引入能抑制H_2S和NH_3的产生. 在初始ρ[Cr(Ⅵ)]从30 mg/L增至60 mg/L时,系统A和B产气组分中的ρ(H_2S)和ρ(NH_3)均有所增大,增幅分别为28.67%～32.87%和62.65%～70.89%;初始ρ[Cr(Ⅵ)]为30 mg/L时,系统B产气中的ρ(CH_4)为系统A的3.1倍,其ρ(CO_2)比系统A高33.33%,ρ(VOCs)比系统A低14.75%;初始ρ[Cr(Ⅵ)]增至60 mg/L时,两系统产气中的ρ(CH_4)相等,ρ(CO_2)均有所下降,ρ(VOCs)均明显升高. 两系统产气中均未检出H_2. 从生理生化过程角度分析了磁场影响厌氧产气过程的机理.     

沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量变化的原因分析

利用中国大陆气溶胶指数(TOMS AI)、太阳辐射、沙尘能见度、降水量等观测资料,对中国西北部沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量进行分析.结果表明,沙漠地区AI值不但取决于沙尘暴的发生,而且取决于太阳辐射.这表明沙尘暴起沙模型和尘卷风与干热对流的联合起沙模型互为补充,沙漠地区上空的沙尘气溶胶含量是它们共同作用的结果,而由太阳辐射引发的尘卷风与干热对流较沙尘暴过程更为重要.     

Chemical composition and size distribution of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene

Photooxidation of isoprene leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, the chemical composition of SOA formed from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene has been investigated with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a home-made aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Sampling particles generated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was detected by a TSI 3321 aerodynamic particle size spectrometer in real time. Results showed that SOA created by isoprene photooxidation was predominantly in the form of fine particles, which have diameters less than 2.5 m. The obtained mass spectra of individual particles show that products of the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene contain methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, formaldehyde, and some other hydroxycarbonyls. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed.     

活性污泥法对水溶性腐殖酸的去除效能与机制研究

采用人工配水的方式,研究了单级活性污泥法和两级活性污泥法对水溶性腐殖酸的去除效能,并通过测试污泥中腐殖酸的相对含量、污泥的元素组成、污泥的活性和进出水腐殖酸的分子量分布.对去除机制作了初步探讨.结果表明,在单级活性污泥处理系统中,不同浓度的腐殖酸均未对可生物降解有机物的去除构成影响,并且腐殖酸的去除率维持在67%-84%.随进水中腐殖酸浓度的增加去除率有所下降;通过两级活性污泥法试验.发现第l级活性污泥系统对腐殖酸的去除效果优于第2级.分别为71.3%和60.1%.且活性污泥系统对大分子量腐殖酸的去除效果优于小分子量腐殖酸.机制分析表明,腐殖酸难以作为微生物生长所需的碳源.主要依靠污泥吸附的方式,使水相中的腐殖酸进入泥相,再通过剩余污泥排放的方式去除.     

莫桑比克东部滨海砂矿矿物组成及特征

滨海砂矿是目前全球最大的潜在矿产资源之一。以莫桑比克的滨海砂矿作为研究对象,利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等手段对莫桑比克东部滨海砂矿的矿物组成及特征进行了研究。并用数理统计方法讨论了重砂矿的元素赋存状态及其载体矿物。研究结果表明:(1)砂矿的矿石矿物主要为钛铁矿、金红石和锆石,脉石矿物主要为石英和长石。(2)重砂矿的主要化学组分为Ti和Zr;Hf及REE为次要组分;而主要有害元素组分Th和U,其总体含量低,故重砂矿对采选加工和产品利用均无明显环境危害。(3)重砂矿中元素含量与粒度之间呈一定相关性,显示Zr、Hf、U、Cr、Ta的载体矿物的粒度相对较细;Ti、Fe、V、Nb的载体矿物的粒度相对较粗。     

广州地区秋冬季细颗粒物PM_(2.5)化学组分分析

本文对广州地区2009~2010年秋冬季节大气中PM2.5进行采样,并分析PM2.5样品的水溶性离子、重金属元素、有机碳/元素碳(OC/EC)、有机酸、多环芳烃浓度和粒径分布。通过分析初步掌握了广州地区秋冬季节大气中PM2.5的化学组分和特点:广州地区秋冬季PM2.5呈现城区高于城郊,PM2.5中有机质(OM)是最主要的成分,其次是硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子和铵根;PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的空间分布特征相似,并受一次源排放影响;PM2.5中铝、锌、铅是含量最高的重金属,且城区重金属浓度高于城郊;PM2.5中17种多环芳烃、苯并a芘(BaP)均为城郊浓度最高。     

不同有机物料对黑土腐殖质元素组成及结构的影响

 利用元素分析仪及红外光谱仪研究施用不同有机物料对黑土腐殖质元素组成及结构影响的差异性.结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,有机物料施用5a后,黑土胡敏酸(HA)中C、H含量均显著降低,并以木本处理作用最显著.除动物粪便处理HA中N含量与CK相等外,其余有机处理N含量均显著高于CK,施用动物残体则使HA中O含量显著降低.施用草本残体可以提高富里酸(FA)中N含量.动物残体使FA中H含量显著降低.施用草本残体、木本残体使FA中C含量升高,O含量影响降低.有机物的施用使铁结合胡敏素(HMi)中C、H含量下降而使O含量上升,并以草本处理作用最显著,同时草本处理也使HMi中N含量降低.与CK相比,施用动物粪便、木本残体提高了粘粒结合胡敏素(HMc)中C、N含量而降低了O含量,有机物料施用5a后均使黑土HMc中H含量降低,且各处理之间差异显著.与CK相比,有机物料施用五年后均使HA及FA脂族性减弱,并以草本残体处理影响最明显.对于HMc,施用有机物料有利于提高其脂族性,同时使芳香C=C振动减弱,并且以木本处理影响最明显.有机物料施用5a后使HMi的羟基含量及碳水化合物减少,而使其脂族性提高.试验结果证实,不同有机物料处理对黑土腐殖质各组分特征的影响有明显差异.