用14C示踪技术研究摇蚊幼虫对农药的富集作用

摇蚊幼虫是淡水湖泊中分布广泛、数量极大的底栖动物。它们生活在底泥中,位移能力很小,个体又较大,被认为是水质监测和生态毒理学研究的理想生物。底栖动物能大量富集水中微量的有毒物质,这已有许多报道,而有关摇蚊幼虫富集底泥中的有毒物质的报道甚少,国内至今尚未见报道。摇蚊幼虫富集毒物与其它底栖动物比较,其生态学意义更大,因为摇蚊幼虫除了作为鱼饵通过水生食物链浓缩和转移毒物外,大量的幼虫终将羽化为成虫,一批批飞离水体,有毒物质有可能较快地被消除掉。     

Effects of salinity on activities of H+-ATPase, H+-PPase and membrane lipid composition in plasma membrane and tonoplast vesicles isolated from soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings

The effects of NaCI stress on the H^＋-ATPase, H^＋-PPase activity and lipid composition of plasma membrane(PM) and tonoplast(TP) vesicles isolated from roots and leaves of two soybean cultivars( Glycine max L. ) differing in salt tolerance(Wenfeng^7,salt-tolerant; Union, salt-sensitive) were investigated. When Wenfeng^7 was treated with 0.3% (W/V) NaCI for 3 d, the H^＋ -ATP aseactivities in PM and TP from roots and leaves exhibited a reduction and an enhancement, respectively. The H^＋ -PPase activity in TP from roots also increased. Similar effects were not observed in roots of Union. In addition, the increases of phospholipid content and ratios of phospholipid to galactolipid in PM and TP from roots and leaves of Wenfeng^7 may also change membrane permeability and hence affect salt tolerance.     

Eight years of annual no-till cropping in Washington's winter wheat-summer fallow region

The tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) cropping system has dominated dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest USA for 125 years. We conducted a large-scale multidisciplinary 8-year study of annual (i.e., no summer fallow) no-till cropping systems as an alternative to WW-SF. Soft white and hard white classes of winter and spring wheat, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were grown in various rotation combinations. Annual precipitation was less than the long-term average of 301 mm in 7 out of 8 years. Rhizoctonia bare patch disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 appeared in year 3 and continued through year 8 in all no-till plots. All crops were susceptible to rhizoctonia, but bare patch area in wheat was reduced, and grain yield increased, when wheat was grown in rotation with barley every other year. Remnant downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) weed seeds remained dormant for 6 years and longer to heavily infest recrop winter wheat. There were few quantifiable changes in soil quality due to crop rotation, but soil organic carbon (SOC) increased in the surface 0–5 cm depth with no-till during the 8 years to approach that found in undisturbed native soil. Annual no-till crop rotations experienced lower average profitability and greater income variability compared to WW-SF. Yellow mustard and safflower were not economically viable. Continuous annual cropping using no-till provides excellent protection against wind erosion and shows potential to increase soil quality, but the practice involves high economic risk compared to WW-SF. This paper provides the first comprehensive multidisciplinary report of long-term alternative annual no-till cropping systems research in the low-precipitation region of the Pacific Northwest.     

余甘子的保健价值及开发利用前景

我国南方山区、半山区广泛分布的余甘子是一种具有药用价值的野生或栽培果树。成分分析表明,余甘果有较高的营养价值,尤其是维生素C含量很高。进一步研究即通过体外模拟试验,动物试验、人体试验以及病区临床试验证明,余甘果汁能阻断强致癌物N-亚硝基化合物在动物及人体内的合成,阻断率达90％以上,均比同浓度的维生素C高。同时还发现,余甘果汁中含有超氧化物歧化酶,每毫升鲜果汁中含有的酶活力为 964.28国际单位;老人饮用余甘果汁2个月后,血液中红细胞超氧化物歧化酶活力提高1.5倍,并降低了血浆中脂质过氧化物的含量,显示了余甘果汁对人体具有较明显的防癌、抗衰老保健作用。我国余甘子资源十分丰富,民间早有利用余甘果实健身治病的习惯,因此,它是一种很有开发价值的水果。本文较详细地论述了余甘果的保健价值,并对其开发利用现状及前景作了简要的介绍。     

模拟重金属污染下曼陀罗种群核酸代谢变化研究

将不同空间地段上获得同一种质但污染年代各不相同的曼陀罗材料种子易地种植在同一模拟重金属污染生境中生长，对比分析了曼陀罗种群的核酸代谢（DNA、RNA、DNase、RNase)动态变化。结果表明：在本实验条件下，种群的核酸代谢发生了定向性改变；在短期污染条件下，DNA、RNA、DNase、RNase活性代谢发生了一定程度的紊乱，随着污染时间的推移，上述生理变化逐渐向对照CK种群的“正常值”回复，表现出种群对重金属污染迹地的抗性适应和分化，且分化发生的速度远高于植物自然分化进程。根据上述四项生理指标对这四个曼陀曼种群利用模糊数学评判分析方法进行排序，适应性从优到劣的排序顺序为CK＞L＞M＞S。     

叶面施硅对水稻籽实重金属积累的抑制效应

采用盆栽方法,以硅酸钠和正硅酸乙酯为硅源分别配制纳米硅制剂,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种"优优128"为供试植物,在Cd(5mg·kg-1、10mg·kg-1、50mg·kg-1三个水平)、Pb(200mg·kg-1)、Cu(250mg·kg-1)、Zn(300mg·kg-1)复合污染土壤进行种植,在水稻生长期内(苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期)进行叶面喷施纳米硅,研究纳米硅对水稻籽实生长状况及吸收重金属元素的影响,并对两种不同硅源的纳米硅的使用效果进行了比较。结果表明,随Cd污染质量分数增加,水稻百粒质量及单株穗质量均显著降低(P<0.01);Cd、Pb、Zn在籽实中质量分数均增高,而Cu在籽实中质量分数降低。金属元素在籽实中的吸收系数顺序为Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb,表明Cd极易向籽实中迁移。随土壤Cd质量分数增加,水稻籽实中各金属元素的积累量都有所降低。重金属复合污染条件下,叶面施用两种硅制剂均可以缓解水稻的毒害效应,且和施无机硅相比,施有机硅对水稻重金属毒害的缓解效果更显著。表现为叶面施用硅后,水稻百粒质量及单株穗质量均显著提高(P<0.05);且籽实中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的吸收量在喷施硅制剂后均显著降低(P<0.05);籽实中重金属元素的吸收系数和积累量均表现出降低的趋势。尤其是随着Cd处理质量分数的增高,施硅对重金属在籽实中积累的抑制效应越显著。这表明叶面施硅在重金属污染的水稻田污染防治中具有应用价值。文章所用的纳米硅制剂,制备简单,对于大面积推广硅肥极为有利。     

Studies in the Biodegradation of 5 PAHs (Phenanthrene,Pyrene, Fluoranthene,Chrysene und Benzo(a)pyrene) in the Presence of Rooted Poplar Cuttings

Cuttings of Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen were cultivated in sand treated with one of the following PAHs: phenanthrene (Phen), fluoranthene (Flt), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chr) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The PAHs were applied at varying levels of concentration to each test series. After 6 weeks the concentration and the distribution of the PAHs in the substrate of the various sets of tests were compared with the concentration in the substrate of the control. Additionally the substrate and the plant roots were tested for evidence of degradation products of PAHs. The results revealed that the levels of concentration of Phen and Pyr detected in the substrate surrounding the roots was in some cases significantly lower than in the corresponding section of substrate in the unplanted set (= control). This phenomenon did not occur for Flt and BaP and in the case of Chr only in those substrates, which had been treated with the highest levels of concentration. As the presence of lesser amounts of Phen and Pyr in the plant pots cannot only be attributed to their accumulation and metabolism in the roots, it is fair to assume that the chemical transformation of these three PAHs took place outside the roots. The set of tests treated with Phen revealed the presence of 2- or 3-hydroxy-Phen (main components), a hydroxy-methoxy-Phen, 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone and one unidentified compound in metabolite form. Altogether eleven metabolites of Pyr were identified in the root extracts, which can be divided into three groups: 1-Hydroxy-Pyr and derivatives, dihydroxy-Pyr and derivatives and ring fission products (4-Hydroxy-Pyr and a derivative of the 4-Phen-carbonic acid). However, the metabolite mass detected for Phen and Pyr represents only an insignificant percentage in comparison with the lesser amounts of PAHs observed in the planted set of tests. This indicates that the three PAHs were reduced to lower molecular compounds, which are methodically impossible to record, and subsequently translocated to other parts of the plant and integrated into the biomass. Although no lesser amount for Flt and BaP was found in the plant pots, 1-Hydroxy-Flt, an unidentified compound of Flt and 1-Methoxy-BaP were detected. These are presumably end products which were enhanced in the roots. It was not possible to identify any transformation products of Chr. It can be assumed that the majority of metabolites were not synthesised in the roots but are a result of microbial degradation in the rhizosphere. The test plants improved the conditions for the biotransformation of Phen and Pyr significantly and accumulated Flt, Pyr, Chr and BaP in their roots. It can therefore be concluded that the use of plants in the bioremediation of contaminated soils is a promising option.     

水稻抗虫转基因光温敏核不育系植株的获得

以质粒pCUBAC-HPT作抗虫基因供体，优良光温敏核不育系612S为受体，采用基因枪转化法，获得了转抗虫基因sck和sbk的植株．分子证据表明，外源基因己整合到受体基因组中．蛋白活性测定和Western blotting结果显示，转基因在受体植株中得到表达．田间抗虫性测定表明，外源基因的转入提高了受体的抗虫性．本文还讨论了转基因技术在水稻育种中的作用．图5表2参12     

甘蓝型油菜脂肪酸链延长酶基因FAE1的克隆与原核表达

脂肪酸延长酶1(FAE1)是广泛存在于植物中并定位于内质网上的一种能催化脂肪酸碳链延长的酮脂酰CoA合成酶.根据Genbank上已知的植物FAE1基因设计引物,以从甘蓝型油菜叶片中提取的总DNA为模板,进行PCR扩增,获得了1380bp的片段.回收该片段,并连接到pMD18-T载体测序.序列比对结果说明了该片段与植物中已知的FAE1序列有极高的相似性,并且不存在内含子序列.将该片段通过高保真酶扩增,EcoRⅠ酶切消化后定向克隆到pGEX-2T表达载体中,在IPTG诱导下于28℃表达出Mr76×103的蛋白质条带.用兔抗GST多克隆抗体做第一抗体进行Western-blot检测,并获得阳性检测结果.这为甘蓝型油菜脂肪酸链延长酶基因FAE1功能的进一步研究奠定了基础.图4表1参14     

国外松人工促进天然更新初步研究

国外松飞子成林能力较强，在人工促进措施下进行天然更新，幼树的地径和树高生长速度达到人工造林水平，而每亩可节约造林成本34．95元，经济效益显著。值得大力推广。