Integration of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell in a sugar-ethanol factory: analysis of the efficiency and the environmental profile of the products

The effect of the integration of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology in a sugar-ethanol factory on the environmental profile/footprint of the products (sugar, ethanol, electricity) is evaluated. The sugarcane is the primary feedstock and sugar, ethanol and electricity are the main products of the system, where the functional unit is defined as 9.86 ton/h of sugar, 2.195 ton/h of hydrated ethanol (96% w/w) and 847 kWh of electricity. A detailed set of material and energy inputs and outputs was obtained from a local factory and was completed using simulation data by Aspen Plus^®.The environmental impacts (greenhouse gases and air pollution), exergy efficiency and a renewability parameter have been considered as indicators for the comparative assessment with conventional sugar, ethanol and electricity production technologies. The results show that the use of a SOFC technology involves a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (52-55%) and non-renewable resources (60-64%) when compared with the conventional integrated sugar and ethanol plant. The higher renewability index (0.93) and exergy efficiency (38%) are noticed for the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell technology integrated in the sugar-ethanol factory than conventional sugar-ethanol plant.     

土壤铜镉的植物可利用性评估模型

文章选择12种土类共57个不同土体为研究对象,分析了土壤的基本理化性质(pH、有机质、速效磷、阳离子代换量和粘粒含量)和土壤中铜、镉全量.利用SPSS13.0统计软件预测了土壤铜、镉的植物可利用性与土壤理化性质的相关模型,发现土壤中镉的植物可利用态含量与土壤中全镉、有机质、速效磷和阳离子代换量呈正相关,与土壤pH呈负相...     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中三氯甲烷四氯化碳的参数优化及测定影响因素探讨

本文探讨了如何提高顶空气相色谱法测定三氯甲烷及四氯化碳的灵敏度、精密度与准确度。重点讨论了平衡条件的优化以及带顶空自动进器的气相色谱仪的各个关键参数的优化。     

A review on hybrid mixture explosions: Safety parameters,explosion regimes and criteria,flame characteristics

The hybrid mixture of combustible dusts and flammable gases/vapours widely exist in various industries, including mining, petrochemical, metallurgical, textile and pharmaceutical. It may pose a higher explosion risk than gas/vapor or dust/mist explosions since the hybrid explosions can still be initiated even though both the gas and the dust concentration are lower than their lower explosion limit (LEL) values. Understanding the explosion threat of hybrid mixtures not only contributes to the inherent safety and sustainability of industrial process design, but promotes the efficiency of loss prevention and mitigation. To date, however, there is no test standard with reliable explosion criteria available to determine the safety parameters of all types of hybrid mixture explosions, nor the flame propagation and quenching mechanism or theoretical explanation behind these parameters. This review presents a state-of-the-art overview of the comprehensive understanding of hybrid mixture explosions mainly in an experimental study level; thereby, the main limitations and challenges to be faced are explored. The discussed main contents include the experimental measurement for the safety parameters of hybrid mixtures (i.e., explosion sensitivity and severity parameters) via typical test apparatuses, explosion regime and criterion of hybrid mixtures, the detailed flame propagation/quenching characteristics behind the explosion severities/sensitivities of hybrid mixtures. This work aims to summarize the essential basics of experimental studies, and to provide the perspectives based on the current research gaps to understand the explosion hazards of hybrid mixtures in-depth.     

MBR污水处理工艺中活性污泥动力学参数测定

缺乏可靠的污泥动力学设计参数是膜-生物反应器（membrane bioreactor,MBR）工艺在实际应用中遇到的主要问题之一.以某座处理城市污水的实际规模MBR工程的好氧活性污泥为对象,采用耗氧速率表征方法,测定计算得到以下动力学参数值：异养菌产率系数Y_H＝0.693、自养菌产率系数Y_A＝0.263、异养菌衰减系数K_dH＝0.108 d^-1、自养菌衰减系数K_dA＝0.089 d^-1、COD最大比去除速率v_mS＝1.94 mg·(mg·d)^-1、COD去除半饱和常数K_S＝34.6 mg·L^-1、氨氮最大比去除速率v_mN＝0.18 mg·(mg·d)^-1、氨氮去除半饱和常数K_N＝1.06 mg·L^-1.以上结果与传统活性污泥法工艺（CAS）中污泥的文献报道值相比,Y_H和K_dH较高,而v_mS和v_mN较低.MBR的高污泥浓度条件可能是导致上述差异出现的主要原因.     

不同喷嘴类型静电旋风水膜除尘系统配置优化实验研究*

为对比加宽版吹风喷头、1 mm孔径广角实心喷嘴和组合型喷嘴配置下的静电旋风水膜除尘系统的除尘效果,对进口风速、静电电压和单位面积流量3个单因素进行实验。研究结果表明:借助SPSS软件正交实验设计得出各喷嘴最佳参数、除尘效率影响因素排序均为进口风速＞静电电压＞单位面积流量。在各喷嘴最佳参数下,除尘性能排序为组合型喷嘴>加宽版吹风喷头>1 mm孔径广角实心喷嘴。在组合型喷嘴最佳参数（进口风速12.03 m/s、单位面积流量1.02 L/(m2·s)、电压45 kV）下,当进口风速不变时,除尘系统的分级除尘效率随粉尘颗粒粒径的增大而增大,但增幅不断地变缓,粒径约为40 μm时分级效率近似达到100%;当粉尘颗粒粒径不变时,分级效率随进口风速的增大呈现递减的趋势,粒径越大下的分级效率越接近。     

江阴长江公路大桥塔墩和锚锭的场地设计地震动工程参数

江阴长江公路大桥建成后将是主垮1385m,总长2888m 的大型悬索桥。本文在对大桥桥址区域地震地质和区域地震活动、桥址区地震构造条件及其断裂活动性综合研究的基础上,用概率方法对桥址区进行地震危险性分析;并结合桥址两岸不同的岩土条件,大桥塔墩和锚锭部位局部地形地貌、地下介质的横向非均匀性,绘出了大桥塔墩和锚锭场地不同土层的设计地震动工程参数。为大桥的抗震设计提供了可靠的科学依据。     

执行《环境空气质量标准》应注意的问题

随着《环境空气质量标准》GB30 95- 1 996(简称新标准 )取代 GB30 95- 82 (简称旧标准 ) ,大气环境质量现状监测和影响评价工作需要作出相应的修正以适应新标准的要求 ,从实际工作出发 ,总结出了执行新标准应注意的一些问题及其解决方法。     

油污土壤的生物处理技术及其影响因素分析

生物处理技术可以用于转化和去除土壤中的石油类污染物,微生物对油污土壤产生降解作用,其降解的最终产物是CO2和水,不产生二次污染。重点分析了影响微生物降解的主要因素,包括pH值、温度、湿度、供氧情况、营养素、表面活性剂加入量、油污染强度,论述了各种影响因素的调整和控制方法。     

X射线衍射法在有机药物研究中的运用

目前随着新药开发、研制过程中对测试方法要求的不断增高,X射线衍射法因其能快速准确地判断药物晶体而被广泛应用于有机药物研究的各个领域.通过对X射线衍射法中装样方法、θ角度和狭缝的选择等参数研究,以获得该方法测定有机药物成分的最佳工作条件,使该法能为有机药物测定提供满意的图谱和更准确的测定结果.