秦皇岛山羊寨动物群及其生存环境的研究

1981年,笔者在泰皇岛市抚宁县山羊寨村小南山发现大量动物化石,经鉴定共有32种动物,其中绝灭种7个,时代为新生代第四纪中更新世,绝对年龄为（18±2）万年至（20±2）万年,相当于北京周口店动物群后期。研究发现：其生活在低山丘陵及其河谷;当时的气候是温和湿润的温带气候,但已向凉干转化;植被为温带落叶阔叶林。     

Performance of IUCN proxies for generation length

One of the criteria used by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to assess threat status is the rate of decline in abundance over 3 generations or 10 years, whichever is longer. The traditional method for calculating generation length (T) uses age‐specific survival and fecundity, but these data are rarely available. Consequently, proxies that require less information are often used, which introduces potential biases. The IUCN recommends 2 proxies based on adult mortality rate, age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/c307a18c-33b9-43a9-a12f-10da03cbfe9c/cobi12901-math-0001.png"> = α + 1/d, and reproductive life span, age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/6b7ad3d4-4c57-47d3-ac60-cb146faa1d18/cobi12901-math-0002.png"> = α + z^*RL, where α is age at first reproduction, d is adult mortality rate, RL is reproductive life span, and z is a coefficient derived from data for comparable species. We used published life tables for 78 animal and plant populations to evaluate precision and bias of these proxies by comparing age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/a3944e32-211a-4368-9318-62ccc80ebd8e/cobi12901-math-0003.png"> and age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/02e49f3b-ad9f-4164-bf9d-4815735d997c/cobi12901-math-0004.png"> with true generation length. Mean error rates in estimating T were 31% for age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/781cc5c4-d02b-4e2f-a923-e41e93799f13/cobi12901-math-0005.png"> and 20% for age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/ca84e7d9-783b-4ba7-93a5-474b9d9ee089/cobi12901-math-0006.png">, but error rates for age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/639563ba-a591-4d2e-86e9-85303f9c7e02/cobi12901-math-0007.png"> were 16% when we subtracted 1 year ( age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/001dd175-208c-4504-831c-be4ba2de55cc/cobi12901-math-0008.png"> ), as suggested by theory; age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/371b900d-afb9-4087-adc8-6ba6ea28225b/cobi12901-math-0009.png"> also provided largely unbiased estimates regardless of the true generation length. Performance of age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/0767b0a9-fc56-48a7-8446-5a1f8a3b9b4c/cobi12901-math-0010.png"> depends on compilation of detailed data for comparable species, but our results suggest taxonomy is not a reliable indicator of comparability. All 3 proxies depend heavily on a reliable estimate of age at first reproduction, as we illustrated with 2 test species. The relatively large mean errors for all proxies emphasized the importance of collecting the detailed life‐history information necessary to calculate true generation length. Unfortunately, publication of such data is less common than it was decades ago. We identified generic patterns of age‐specific change in vital rates that can be used to predict expected patterns of bias from applying age" src="//wol-prod-cdn.literatumonline.com/cms/attachment/c1328960-49fe-4042-a8c5-caa5902cce22/cobi12901-math-0011.png">.     

汶川大地震灾后青少年心理援助经验启示

为探索和创新汶川大地震以及其他灾情灾后青少年心理援助提供科学决策依据,通过对四川灾区民众的调查分析及其对收集的信息资料研究,着重揭示了汶川大地震灾后青少年心理援助的经验：“三个加强”——加强方式、方法、机制“三位一体”对青少年心理援助,“三个强化”——社会、学校、家庭“三位一体”对青少年心理援助的启示。     

Comparison of 85Kr and 3H Apparent Ground‐Water Ages for Source Water Vulnerability in the Collyer River Catchment,Maine1

Abstract: Apparent ground‐water ages as determined by the noble gas isotope ⁸⁵Kr and the water isotope ³H are compared. Refined gas extraction methodology at the wellhead permits efficient collection of Kr for ⁸⁵Kr isotope enrichment. ⁸⁵Kr isochrones elucidate areas of much younger ground‐water ages than ³H. Declining ³H activities in the catchment prevent its correlation with the youngest measured ⁸⁵Kr ages. Source water for most drinking water supplies in the Collyer River catchment is recharged within 40 years BP (2004). Mean‐age (τ) transport modeling suggests uncertainty of ground‐water ages is greatest in the central basin area.     

我国消防标准体系分析

为明确我国消防标准体系发展的方向和重点,分别从消防标准的数量、标龄、类型、属性和采标情况等5个方面对我国消防标准体系进行分析,并与国际标准化组织、欧盟标准化委员会和美国的消防标准体系进行了比较。研究结果表明:我国消防标准体系整体适用性在不断增强;需制定周期性标准复审计划;消防基础试验类和管理类标准应成为下一步消防标准制修订的重点;消防强制性标准所占比例有待进一步下调;需建立国际标准动态跟踪机制,同时应注重将我国先进的消防标准转化为国际标准。     

The effect of age,gender and marital status on residential satisfaction

ABSTRACT

Residential satisfaction is a vital component of individual quality of life which has been explored by researchers from different perspectives. This study takes the stance to investigate residential satisfaction from sociodemographic standpoints. The purpose is to contribute to further research on residential satisfaction by exploring specifically the impact of age, gender and marital status on overall residential satisfaction and in more detail with components of residential satisfaction of residents living in apartment buildings in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Quantitative analyses of a survey of 204 residents living 59 apartment buildings in Dhaka was conducted to examine whether there is any relation between residential satisfaction with age, gender and marital status of the apartment dwellers. This study also examined if these sociodemographic characteristics had a moderator effect on some of the key components of residential satisfaction. Primary findings indicate that there exists a significant relationship between residential satisfaction with age, gender, and marital status. Further analysis revealed that the “Married” group was more satisfied than the “Single/Never married” group, senior people tend to be more satisfied than are younger respondents and females were more satisfied than males concerning overall residential satisfaction. This study concludes that potential sociodemographic differences among households in apartment developments in Dhaka should be considered for effective residential satisfaction and to create a socially sustainable living environment.