不同年龄城镇居民的休闲行为差异研究——以湖南省永州市为例

城镇居民在休闲特征上呈现出总体一致、细部有异的特点,城镇居民年龄对休闲行为的影响甚微。总体上表现为:每周外出有偿休闲次数少、花费低、休闲场所和目的指向集中、休闲活动参与程度低的特点。各年龄段居民在每周有偿休闲2次、"消磨时间"这一休闲目的对自己的休闲活动"不满意"层面和部分休闲场所、休闲活动参与度层面差异显著。     

Removal of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by extended sludge age biological process

Removal of four antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine and trimethoprim) and four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen) using extended sludge age biological process was investigated. The sludge age of the biological system was greater than 200 d. Hydraulic retention time of 12 h was maintained throughout the experiment. The extended sludge age biological process is able to treat pharmaceuticals with good and steady removal efficiencies: 64–93% removal for antibiotics over 1–5 μg L⁻¹ influent concentrations and 94% to complete removal for acetaminophen and ibuprofen with a wide range of influent concentrations 1–100 μg L⁻¹. For ketoprofen and naproxen the removal efficiencies are 79–96% over a range of 1–15 μg L⁻¹ influent concentrations. The removal efficiency decreases with increasing initial concentrations for all target compounds except for ibuprofen. This indicates that the initial influent concentration is an important parameter for the studies of fate of pharmaceuticals. The amount of bio-mass and size of the reactor required to achieve good and steady removal efficiencies for known influent pharmaceutical concentrations are also suggested in this study.     

桂林甑皮岩洞穴的形成、演化及古人类文化遗址堆积浅议

研究发现甑皮岩（洞穴）新石器时代遗址文化层堆积不仅具有重要的古人类活动-史前文化研究价值,而且具有旅游观赏价值,是重要的史前文化遗产,是揭示和反映中华远古文明的典型代表。据洞穴石笋、钙华测年及年溶蚀率推测,桂林甑皮岩洞穴形成年代大约是在晚更新世时期。而据文化堆积层中的陶片、古动物化石测年、炭灰和孢粉记录表明,文化层从距...     

Effects of sludge age on anaerobic acidification of waste activated sludge: Volatile fatty acids production and phosphorus release

Effects of sludge age on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and Phosphorus (P) release during anaerobic acidification of waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated. Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) fed with simulating domestic sewage were applied to produce WAS of different sludge ages, and batch tests were used for anaerobic acidification. The maximum dissolved total organic carbon, release of  ${\text{PO}}_4^{3+}?\mathrm{P}$, and accumulation of acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4), and valerate (C5) decreased by 56.2%, 55.8%, 52.6%, 43.7%, 82.4% and 84.8%, respectively, as the sludge age of WAS increased from 5 to 40 days. Limited degradation of protein played a dominating role in decreasing DTOC and VFAs production. Moreover, the increase in molecular weight of organics and organic nitrogen content in the supernatant after acidification suggested that the refractory protein in WAS increased as sludge age extended. Although the production of C2, C3, C4, and C5 from WAS decreased as the sludge age increased, the proportions of C2 and C3 in VFAs increased, which might be due to the declined production of C5 from protein and the faded genus Dechlorobacter. Keeping sludge age of WAS at a relatively low level (<10 days) is more appropriate for anaerobic acidification of WAS as internal carbon sources and P resource.     

农田施用沼液的重金属污染评价及承载力估算——以江苏滨海稻麦轮作田为例

以江苏滨海稻麦轮作田为对象，研究沼液施用0，3，5a对土壤和作物籽粒重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd）含量的影响，评价其污染风险并估算农田沼液承载力.结果表明：沼液施用3，5a后，土壤和作物籽粒中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd均未超标，内梅罗指数与土壤和农产品综合质量指数显示农田重金属污染程度属于清洁.土壤Cu和Zn显著富集，沼液施用5a后，小麦季土壤Cu、Zn含量分别为22.59，63.08mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了19.52%和28.89%.水稻季土壤Cu、Zn含量分别为26.12，78.74mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了27.73%和31.80%.小麦和水稻籽粒Zn含量随沼液施用年限增加而增加（P<0.05），沼液施用5a分别达到25.07，30.98mg/kg，较未施用分别提高了23.50%和16.29%.小麦季和水稻季0~15cm土壤中Cu的累积速率分别为0.74，1.13mg/（kg·a），Zn的累积速率分别为2.83，3.80mg/（kg·a）.基于土壤重金属累积速率，江苏滨海稻麦轮作田沼液安全施用年限为63a.     

人发铅、锌含量的研究

从山西省临汾市及其效区,收集了1518份健康人的头发样品（年龄从新生儿到70岁）,用原子吸收光谱法测定其锌（Zn)和铅（Pb）的含量,结果表明：女性头发中锌的含量高于男性,而男性头发中铅的含量高于女性,从婴儿组（＜1岁）到青春发育组（15－19岁）,发锌含量随着年龄的增长而增加,从青春发育组到老年组（61－70岁）,发锌含量随着年龄的增长而降低,新生儿头发中含铅量量低,从新生儿到幼儿期91－2岁）,发铅含量随着年龄的增长而增加,从幼儿期开始,随着年龄增长,发铅含量不断下降,这些结果意味着,人体中铅与锌可能是相互拮抗的,结果还表明,城市居民（除新生儿外）的发铅含量高于郊区居民的发铅含量,然而,城市和郊区居民的发锌含量未见差异。     

Systemically-induced response of cabbage plants against a specialist herbivore, Pieris brassicae

Summary. Plant responses to herbivory might directly affect the herbivore (“direct” defences) or might benefit the plant by promoting the effectiveness of natural antagonists of the herbivores (“indirect” defences). Brussels sprouts attacked by Pieris brassicae larvae release volatiles that attract a natural antagonist of the herbivores, the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata, to the damaged plant. In a previous study, we observed that feeding by caterpillars on the lower leaves of the plant triggers the systemic release of volatiles detectable by the parasitoids from upper leaves of the same plant.?The role of these systemically induced volatiles as indirect defence and the dynamics of their emission were investigated in wind-tunnel dual choice tests with C. glomerata. The systemically induced emission of volatiles varied depending on leaf age and on plant age. Systemic induction affected parasitoid effectiveness, as induced plants could be more easily located by parasitoids than non-induced ones.?The role of the systemic induction as a direct defence was investigated through behavioural and feeding tests with P. brassicae. In dual choice assays, 1st instar larvae preferred to feed and fed more on systemically induced than on non-induced leaves. In single choice assays, the leaf area consumed by caterpillars was larger on systemically induced leaves than on non-induced control leaves. However, caterpillars fed on systemically induced leaves attained the same weight as those feeding on non-induced controls. In addition, P. brassicae pupae whose larvae were fed on systemically induced leaves had longer developmental times than those of larvae fed on non-induced leaves. Adult oviposition behavior was not influenced by systemic induction.?We conclude that systemically induced responses in cabbage might reduce P. brassicae fitness both directly, by affecting their development and feeding behavior and indirectly by making caterpillars and pupae more vulnerable to attack by carnivores. The occurrence of a possible relationship between direct and indirect defence is discussed. Received 24 January 2001; accepted 3 May 2001.     

汉江上游不同林龄麻栎林枯落物的水文功能评价

麻栎林普遍存在于汉江上游,其涵养水源能力的发挥对维持汉江上游流域生态平衡具有重要的作用。于2020年12月对汉江上游天柱山3个不同林龄(15a、25a、33a)的麻栎林样地进行了枯落物厚度和蓄积量调查,利用浸泡法测定了枯落物各水文功能指标,运用熵权法对3个林龄麻栎林枯落物的水源涵养能力进行了综合评价。结果表明：麻栎林枯落物总厚度在3.0—4.8 cm,蓄积量介于13.76—14.39 t·hm^-2,二者在林龄之间差异不显著(P=0.591;P=0.993);不同林龄麻栎林内半分解层枯落物的瞬时持水量和吸水速率略大于未分解层的;二者的枯落物瞬时持水量均在10min内快速增加,20min后缓慢增加,其与浸泡时间呈对数关系,R²为0.764 6—0.960 6;未分解层枯落物的瞬时持水量表现为15 a>33 a>25 a,而半分解层的则表现6 h之前25 a的略大于15 a的,之后二者的持水量几乎相等,但二者均大于33 a的;相应的不同林龄内未分解层和半分解的枯落物吸水速率均在20 min内很快降低,2 h之后吸水速率以接近0的趋势变小...     

人口年龄结构、人口迁移与东北经济增长

近些年来,中国东北地区经济增速的迅速下滑引发了广泛关注,与此同时,东北地区的人口老龄化与人口流失局面也在加速发展,为探究二者间的联系,本文在梳理文献的基础上,选择从人口年龄结构和人口迁移的视角切入,利用扩展的索洛模型推导了各变量与人均资本、人均产出间的关系。并通过对地级市面板数据的一阶系统广义矩估计研究了人口年龄结构,人口迁移等变量对东北经济增长的影响及经济增长对人口迁移的反作用,利用交叉项分析探讨了人口因素对东北不同经济发展水平地区的差异化影响。实证发现:1劳动年龄人口占比与东北经济增长成正相关,而人口老龄化与人口净迁出均对东北经济增长产生了不利影响;2相较于一般性的人口流动,户籍人口的净迁出对经济增长的不利影响更突出;3人口年龄结构与人口迁移对发达地区和落后地区产生的影响会有所差异;4东北经济增长存在惯性且符合区域增长收敛理论;5投资率与劳动力参与率这两个变量则未能通过显著性检验。6经济增长也对人口迁移产生了一定的反作用。在此基础上,本文针对性地提出了一些建议:1东北地区应及时科学综合地应对人口老龄化,开发老龄人力资源,调整人口政策,平衡地区间养老压力,发展老龄产业;2东北地区应控制人口流失局面,放宽户籍限制,加快国企改革,形成合理的产业结构与制度环境,留住人才。     

性腺发育及年龄对养殖中华鲟抗氧化力的影响

以养殖的子一代（n=21）中华鲟为对象,研究了性腺发育及年龄对其抗氧化力的影响。结果表明：（1）1998年生子一代雌性(未达性成熟,性腺处于慢速发育阶段)和雄性(接近性成熟,性腺处于开始快速发育阶段)的睾酮和雌二醇/睾酮差异显著,雌性血清丙二醛水平显著低于雄性,而超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化酶的活力及超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛值虽高于雄性,但二者间不存在显著性差异,雌性和雄性的丙二醛与超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛之间相关性极显著（r=-0915,-0818,P＜001);（2）雌二醇/睾酮值与丙二醛显著负相关,与超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛显著正相关（r=-0635,r=0709,P＜005）,与超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶无显著相关性;（3）4个年龄组（4、8、11、12龄,未达性成熟）的超氧化物歧化酶和丙二醛无显著性差异,12龄组的谷胱甘肽过氧化酶显著低于其余3组,而超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛显著高于其余3组,谷胱甘肽过氧化酶和丙二醛与年龄呈负相关（r=-0547,P＜001;r=-0519,P＜005）,超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛与年龄呈正相关（r=0569,P＜001）。这表明进入性腺快速发育阶段的雄性氧化应激水平明显高于处于性腺慢速发育阶段的同龄雌性;随着年龄增长,未达性成熟中华鲟的抗氧化力水平逐渐增强;使用以上指标作为亚健康群体的筛选指标和氧化应激的生物标志物时,应充分考虑监测群体性腺发育和年龄因素,以使参考指标更准确