Ontogenetic States,Effective Density,and Classification of Plant Populations

Uranov (1975) formulated a theory of the age structure of plant populations and, in particular, defined the index of ageness . On the basis of this theory, the concepts of the energy efficiency of plants in a certain ontogenetic state and the average efficiency of a population () are introduced. A new classification of populations with respect to the types of age structure is proposed which is based on both the and values and, accordingly, is named the delta–omega classification. The notion of effective population density is defined. This parameter takes into account different loads of plants in different ontogenetic states on the environment and is quantitatively equal to the product of the population density and . The proposed approaches and methods are illustrated by data on the distribution of age states in different plant species.     

Reasons for women's non-uptake of amniocentesis

More than 10 years after a chromosomal anomaly screening programme was set up in France for pregnant women of advanced age, amniocentesis is still a controversial issue. The reasons why eligible women did not utilize the test and whether or not the existence of social welfare coverage determined women's access to prenatal diagnosis were studied. A group of 291 women aged ⩾35 years who recently gave birth to normal liveborns was interviewed by telephone. Among those aged 38 years and over, who automatically qualified for social security coverage, 75 per cent had undergone amniocentesis as opposed to 23 per cent in the 35 to 37-year-old non-covered age group who did not qualify for social security coverage. In both groups, access to amniocentesis was found to depend on the physicians', women's and male partners' attitudes towards prenatal diagnosis and abortion. Among the younger group, the uptake depended mainly on socio-economic factors. Institutional policies should ensure greater equality of access while allowing for individual preferences.     

淮南矿区不同塌陷年龄积水区环境效应分析

采煤塌陷水域是淮南矿区一种特殊的地表水体。文章选择矿区不同塌陷年龄的塌陷水域,监测分析其水质理化指标和重金属元素。结果表明:塌陷水域环境状况因塌陷年龄和周边环境差异而不同,具有季节性变化。水域受到了不同程度的污染,部分理化指标随时间增长有累计效应。与国家地表水质量标准比较,水域重金属元素除了Hg严重超标外,其它As、Se、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等均不超标,未对塌陷水域构成重金属污染。通过对不同塌陷水域环境效应进行分析与评价,可为其综合利用提供一定的理论依据。     

Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in needles of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) growing nearby different industrial sources

Emissions from industrial activities pose a serious threat to human health and impose the need for monitoring both inorganic and organic pollutants in industrial areas.We selected Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) as potential biomonitor and collected the current (C) and previous year (C+1) needles from three industrial sites dominated by petrochemical,ceramics manufacturing,and iron and steel smelting plants and one remote site to determine heavy metals (Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni and Co) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in unwashed and water-washed needles.Both unwashed and washed C+1 needles showed generally higher concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs than C needles,although the washed needles more clearly spotlighted the accumulation effect of PAHs over exposure time.Water-washing resulted in a significant decrease in needle PAH concentrations with more significant effects shown in C needles.By contrast,needle heavy metal concentrations were much less affected by washing.Although heavy metals and PAHs might differ in adsorption and uptake strategies,their higher concentrations in the needles at the industrial sites indicated conspicuous contamination due to industrial emissions there,The PAH distribution patterns in pine needles accorded with the real types of energy consumption in the study sites and were efficiently used for pinpointing local pollutant sources.     

西南地区天然林资源近60年动态分析

天然林资源是衡量区域生态环境状况的重要指标之一。分析天然林资源动态对提高其管理水平和促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义。通过对西南地区1949年以来天然林资源数据的挖掘和比较分析,结果表明:天然林发展可以1981年为界分为前后两个阶段,前阶段天然林面积和蓄积因木材消耗分别降低了26%和33%,后阶段在生态建设工程推动下两者分别增加了58%和42%,达到2008年的25.87×106hm2和31.84×108m3,恢复到了1949年的资源总量水平;但天然林整体质量提高缓慢,平均每hm2蓄积123 m3尚处历史低位;天然林年龄结构也不均衡,幼、中龄林的面积占天然林的58%,蓄积仅占30%,成、过熟林面积占28%,蓄积却占55%;目前天然林中公益林和商品林的面积比约7∶3,蓄积量比约8∶2;商品材采伐量在天然林保护(简称天保)工程实施初期锐减了80%,但在2008年又回升到了天保工程前,且总体增长趋势未变。经过10 a天保和退耕还林工程后,目前西南地区天然林总面积增长放缓,但单位面积的蓄积还很低,故建议天然林发展策略从增加天然林面积转向保持面积和提高整体质量。保持面积的关键是划定天然林面积红线和严格控制天然林采伐,提高整体质量的重点是调整商品林年龄结构,适当提高薪炭林和特用林面积比重,加强退化天然林的生态恢复和重建。     

我国3个城市人体血清中新型溴代阻燃剂水平趋势及分布特征

本研究检测分析了我国吉林省伊通满族自治县(YT)、湖南省怀化市(HH)、四川省甘孜藏族自治州(GZ)3个城市5个年龄段(≥60、50~59、40~49、30~39、20~29岁)人体混合血清中六溴苯(hexabromobenzene,HBB)、五溴甲苯(pentabromotoluen,PBT)、五溴苯(pentabromophenyl,PBBz)、四溴对二甲苯(tetrabromo-p-xylene,PTBX)等4种新型溴代阻燃剂(NBFRs)的含量水平.PBBz、PBT和HBB在人体血清中的检出率为100%.在3个城市中,NBFRs总含量、HBB含量、PBT含量、PBBz含量(除GZ外)均在年轻人群中有升高的趋势.在5个年龄段中,YT和HH均有明显的主要污染物,但GZ首要污染物不明显且4种NBFRs含量占比在5个年龄段中基本稳定.3个城市人体血清中NBFRs在5个年龄段中的组成分布呈现出不同的趋势,表明不同地区的污染来源不同.其中,工业较为发达地区(YT和HH)人体血清中NBFRs总含量高于欠发达地区(GZ)的水平.     

生活垃圾填埋场CH4及N2O释放规律及影响因素研究

对生活垃圾填埋场5个操作平台开展了为期1年的CH_4和N_2O释放通量监测,分析了填埋场CH_4和N_2O释放通量变化规律,并对CH_4和N_2O释放通量与CO2释放通量之间相关关系及其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,生活垃圾填埋场是CH_4和N_2O释放的源,CH_4释放通量范围为(9.16±7.46)~(21287.03±128.70)mg·m-2·h-1CH_4-C;N_2O释放通量范围为(31.74±16.00)~(17089.31±7599.24)μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)N_2O-N;整个填埋场5个平台中CH_4和N_2O年释放总量分别约为86.17 Gg·a-1、0.81 Gg%a-1CO2当量,填埋场温室气体的减排主要是控制CH_4释放.生活垃圾填埋场是高度异质性体系,不同平台释放通量变化规律并不统一,N_2O与含水率呈显著负相关(p0.05),两种气体释放通量与土壤温度均呈显著正相关关系(p0.01),而与其他因素无明显相关关系.     

活性污泥动力学模型的建立及在完全混合式污泥系统中的应用

首先建立了微生物衰减系数和污泥浓度、底物浓度的函数关系式,带入Lawrence-McCarty第一方程式得到了Logistic方程形式的微生物生长方程式.在分析污泥泥龄和污泥停留时间关系基础上,引入Monod方程建立了活性污泥动力学模型,推导证明了Lawrence-McCarty方程式是模型静态条件下的表达形式.用建立的活性污泥动力学模型对完全混合式污泥系统进行了模拟,并分析了水力停留时间Hydraulic retention time(HRT)和污泥停留时间Sludge retention time(SRT)对完全混合式污泥系统的影响,表明模型能很好地对活性污泥系统的动态过程进行模拟.根据模型编程画出了污泥系统相关变量关于HRT和SRT变化的三维曲面图,通过编程将复杂模型看作一定输入输出的函数,使得模型更易于应用和推广.     

濒危植物脱皮榆种群结构与分布格局研究

对山西南部中条山和霍山脱皮榆的种群结构与分布格局进行了研究,其中根据大小结构图和存活曲线分析脱皮榆种群动态,应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、聚集强度、Cassie指数(1/K)、Poisson分布和负二项分布的χ2拟合检验等方法研究分布格局.结果表明,脱皮榆种群幼苗个体比例较大,总体上近于增长型种群.脱皮榆分布格局呈聚集型,这主要与物种本身的生物学和生态学特性密切相关,同时受群落内生境异质性的影响.图2表2参14