Micro-analysis of nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs using microelectrodes

To investigate the nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs, micro-profiles of O₂, NH₄⁺, NO₂^–, NO₃^–, and pH were measured under different operating conditions. The flocs were obtained from a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor. Nitrification, as observed from interfacial ammonium and nitrate fluxes, was higher at pH 8.5, than at pH 6.5 and 7.5. At pH 8.5, heterotrophic bacteria used less oxygen than nitrifying bacteria, whereas at lower pH heterotrophic activity dominated. When the ratio of C to N was decreased from 20 to 10, the ammonium uptake increased. When dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the bulk liquid was decreased from 4 to 2 mg·L^-1, nitrification decreased, and only 25% of the DO influx into the flocs was used for nitrification. This study indicated that nitrifying bacteria became more competitive at a higher DO concentration, a higher pH value (approximately 8.5) and a lower C/N.     

聚丙烯酰胺对沙土改土保肥的作用

采用在实验室培养和用淋洗管模拟田间淋洗的方法研究聚丙烯酰胺对沙土水稳性团粒结构改良作用,对氮、磷、钾养分保肥的作用以及其合理施用量.实验过程是对加入相同量肥料的沙土湿润培养1周后,再分别加入相同体积不同质量分数聚丙烯酰胺溶液继续培养3d,分别测定水稳性团粒,采用淋洗管法测定养分淋湿量.结果表明:聚丙烯酰胺用量小于2.00g.kg-1土时,土壤中大于0.25 mm的水稳性团粒含量随聚丙烯酰胺用量提高而提高,用量再增加对继续提高水稳性团粒没有显著作用;聚丙烯酰胺施用量小于0.2 g·kg-1土时,对减少氮、磷、钾养分淋失没有显著效果,当用量在0.2～1.5 g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高土壤淋洗液中氮、磷、钾淋出量显著降低,但是用量>1.5g·kg-1土时,随聚丙烯酰胺施用量提高淋洗液养分含量没有显著差异.结论:聚丙烯酰胺对改善沙土水稳性团粒结构和保肥具有显著作用,明确了聚丙烯酰胺作为沙土改良剂合理用量为1.5-2.00 g·kg-1土.     

好氧污泥絮体与厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切稳定性分析

通过标准的剪切实验装置检测了好氧污泥絮体和厌氧颗粒污泥在不同剪切条件下剥离的分散胶体浓度的变化.结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥的剪切敏感性(KSS)比好氧活性污泥高1个数量级,证明了好氧活性污泥的剪切稳定性更好.好氧活性污泥絮体在剪切下剥离的分散胶体平衡浓度(md,∞)分别随着污泥悬浊液的固体浓度(mT)和剪切强度(G)的增加而增加.AE模型的模拟结果显示,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1在剪切作用下粘附-剥离的平衡常数(Km)比样品2的高,相应的DG0adh/RT值更小,证明其在剪切作用下的粘附过程更易发生.修正AE模型可以更好地模拟不同剪切强度下污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离过程,其不仅能够给出未施加剪切的稳定状态时因布朗运动而导致的分散胶体浓度,而且能确定与污泥絮体上分散胶体的剥离能量相关的DH/R值.模拟结果表明,好氧活性污泥絮体样品1上分散胶体的剥离需要更多的能量,剪切强度的升高对样品2的影响更加明显.活性污泥剪切稳定性的差异证明了其与污泥结构、性质以及污水处理厂运行效果之间的关系比较复杂.     

电磁场对污泥回流工艺混凝效能和絮体特性的影响

本研究采用电磁场对回流污泥进行磁化处理,考察了不同强度和时间电磁作用对污泥回流过程的混凝效果和溶解性有机物去除效能的影响.结果表明,磁化污泥可改善污泥回流混凝过程的浊度和DOC去除率,比磁化之前分别提高了3.7%、32.4%,足够大的磁场强度和必要的磁化时间对混凝效能改善有较显著的作用;磁化作用可使回流污泥和混凝时混合水的Zeta电位升高,使混凝时的絮体特性得到了明显改善,絮体具有更大的成长速率、平均絮凝指数和平均粒径,絮体结构更加密实、规则.     

海藻酸钠对改性黏土絮凝特征的影响

以海藻酸钠为藻源有机质的模式化合物,考察了赤潮水体中藻源有机化合物对改性黏土絮凝速率及絮凝体特征的影响;并利用图像分析法,测定了絮凝体的分形维数Df,借助分形维数对改性黏土的絮凝形态学特征进行了半定量化分析.结果表明:当海藻酸钠浓度在10~100mg/L范围内时,可以提高改性黏土絮凝的速率,絮凝体的分形维数Df、絮凝体强度呈现出先增大后减小的规律;其中,最佳浓度为50mg/L,其最大絮凝速率达到44.13、Df 为1.6823.低浓度(100mg/L)海藻酸钠能促进改性黏土的絮凝效率,但促进作用呈现减小的趋势,表现为最大絮凝效率减小,Df降低、絮凝体的空隙率增大.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣工程性质研究

本实验研究了上海市××垃圾焚烧发电厂炉渣工程性质,测试了原状炉渣及经几种规格方孔筛过筛后炉渣的粒径分布、物理组分、有机质含量、含水率、密度、吸水率和坚固性等指标。实验结果显示 :原状炉渣粒径分布均匀,含有一些大颗粒,物理组分复杂、强度高、坚固性好 ;与天然石料相比,含水率和吸水率高、密度小 ;过筛后炉渣的工程性质优于原状炉渣。同时讨论了生活垃圾焚烧炉渣用作公路基层集料的技术可行性,确定采用 2 6 5mm方孔筛过筛可以作为炉渣用作公路基层集料时的一种预处理方法     

火灾下钢管混凝土柱的耐火极限有限元分析

为研究将轻骨料混凝土作为防火保护层对钢管混凝土柱耐火极限的影响以及保护层厚度实用计算方法,采用有限元方法确定高温下钢管混凝土柱的温度场,通过ABAQUS有限元软件建立钢管混凝土柱的耐火极限模型,分析各参数对构件耐火极限的影响程度,基于数值模拟计算结果,给出在火灾下钢管混凝土柱在工程常用范围内的抗火实用计算公式,将计算结...     

粗粒料湿化变形数值模拟研究

粗粒料湿化变形特性对土石坝静力稳定有着显著影响。目前开展的三轴试验和直剪试验研究,一般只能进行干样和饱和样的试验,而对于非饱和情况研究较少。基于粗粒料不同围压下湿化变形试验研究成果开展数值模拟研究,结果表明:湿化变形的影响可以通过改变细观剪切模量和细观摩擦系数来实现;随着颗粒破碎随饱和度和围压的增加,湿化后粗粒料的强度低、内聚力降低,但摩擦角变化不大。     

Use of wastes derived from earthquakes for the production of concrete masonry partition wall blocks

Utilization of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes as recycled aggregates in the production of concrete and concrete products have attracted much attention in recent years. However, the presence of large quantities of crushed clay brick in some the C&D waste streams (e.g. waste derived collapsed masonry buildings after an earthquake) renders the recycled aggregates unsuitable for high grade use. One possibility is to make use of the low grade recycled aggregates for concrete block production. In this paper, we report the results of a comprehensive study to assess the feasibility of using crushed clay brick as coarse and fine aggregates in concrete masonry block production. The effects of the content of crushed coarse and fine clay brick aggregates (CBA) on the mechanical properties of non-structural concrete block were quantified. From the experimental test results, it was observed that incorporating the crushed clay brick aggregates had a significant influence on the properties of blocks. The hardened density and drying shrinkage of the block specimens decreased with an increase in CBA content. The use of CBA increased the water absorption of block specimens. The results suggested that the amount of crushed clay brick to be used in concrete masonry blocks should be controlled at less than 25% (coarse aggregate) and within 50-75% for fine aggregates.     

聚合氯化铝(PACl)混凝絮体的破碎与恢复

通过烧杯实验以及在线粒度监测考察了聚合氯化铝（PACl）混凝所生成絮体的破碎以及随后絮体的恢复情况.结果发现,絮体的破碎以及恢复情况因混凝区域的不同而呈现不同的规律.在稳定区,絮体的强度较大,不易破碎,且破碎后的絮体可进一步增长,其恢复因子高达259%;在电中和混凝区,絮体的强度最小,易于破碎,但破碎后可完全恢复;在再稳区和卷扫混凝区,絮体的强度较大,不易破碎,但破碎后不能完全恢复,其中后者的恢复因子仅为18.6％.再搅拌强度越大,对絮体的破碎及恢复程度的影响越大.对于卷扫混凝,经再搅拌破碎后而得到部分恢复的絮体,相对于未经再搅拌的絮体而言,其絮体层与水体间界面的沉降高度及平均沉降速率均较低,且在絮凝沉降区和区域沉降区,该絮体界面的瞬时沉降速率在同一絮体浓度下均较低,但在压缩沉降区,二者的瞬时沉降速率相同.