农地非农化过程中损失农地生态价值的研究综述

农地的生态系统服务对人类的可持续发展有着重要的意义,而该系统的部分生态价值因未在市场上反映出来而往往被人类所忽略,本文在农地非农化过程中关于损失的生态价值方面进行总结,从研究方法、内容等方面总结了现有研究的特点,从生态服务价值的揭示程度、研究视角的广泛程度、研究方法的完善程度等方面分析了国内研究中存在的基本问题,为今后的研究提供理论依据。     

农业自然环境质量综合评价——以重庆市为例

本文提出了一种综合、定量地评价农业自然环境质量的方法,包括评价原则、模型、参数定量化、权重分配等,尤其对参数定量化、权重分配作了大胆尝试.对重庆市试评的结果表明,本方法是可行的.     

AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IMPACTS ON BACTERIAL WATER QUALITY IN A KARST GROUNDWATER AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: The impact on water quality by agricultural activity in karst terrain is an important consideration for resource management within the Appalachian Region. Karst areas comprise about 18 percent of the Region's land area. An estimated one-third of the Region's farms, cattle, and agricultural market value are on karst terrain. The purpose of this study was to compare fecal bacteria densities in karst groundwater impacted by two primary agricultural land uses in central Appalachia. Fecal bacteria densities were measured in cave streams draining two primary land management areas. The first area was pasture serving a beef cow-calf operation. The second area was a dairy. Neither area had best management practices in place for controlling animal wastes. Median fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus densities were highest in cave streams draining the dairy. Median fecal coliform densities in the dairy-impacted stream were greater than 4,000 CFU/100 ml and the median fecal coliform densities in the pasture-impacted streams were less than 10 CFU/100 ml. Median fecal streptococcus densities in the same streams were greater than 2,000 CFU/100 ml and 32 CFU/100 nil, respectively. A second dairy, with best management practices for control of animal and milkhouse waste, did not appear to be contributing significant amounts of fecal bacteria to the karst aquifer. It was concluded that agriculture was affecting bacterial densities in the karst aquifer. New management practices specifically designed to protect karst groundwater resources may be one way to protect the groundwater resource.     

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL WATER USE IN THE SOUTHEAST U.S.1

ABSTRACT: Climate change has the potential to have dramatic effects on the agricultural sector nationally and internationally as documented in many research papers. This paper reports on research that was focused on a specific crop growing area to demonstrate how farm managers might respond to climate-induced yield changes and the implications of these responses for agricultural water use. The Hadley model was used to generate climate scenarios for important agricultural areas of Georgia in 2030 and 2090. Linked crop response models indicated generally positive yield changes, as increased temperatures were associated with increased precipitation and CO2. Using a farm management model, differences in climate-induced yield impacts among crops led to changes in crop mix and associated water use; non-irrigated cropland received greater benefit since irrigated land was already receiving adequate moisture. Model results suggest that farm managers will increase cropping intensity by decreasing fallowing and increasing double cropping; corn acreage decreased dramatically, peanuts decreased moderately and cotton and winter wheat increased. Water use on currently irrigated cropland fell. The potential for increased water use through conversion of agriculturally important, but currently non-irrigated, growing areas is substantial.     

农业技术进步、规模效率与粮食安全——以东北三省粳稻、玉米为例

以东北三省粳稻、玉米为例,使用DEA-malmquist指数法实证检验农业技术进步、规模效率与粮食生产效率增长之间的关系。结果发现:①2000—2019年,吉林和黑龙江均保持了良好的粮食生产效率。②黑龙江属于"农业技术进步单一驱动型"的生产模式,而辽宁、吉林属于"农业技术进步和技术效率双驱动型"的生产模式。③吉林玉米生产的规模效率非有效,辽宁农业技术进步的衰退分别阻碍了各自粮食生产效率的提高。基于以上研究,提出建议:黑龙江、吉林、辽宁3省应因地制宜,分别通过增加农业财政投入、加强农业科技研发力度、鼓励农地流转等措施为粮食安全保驾护航。     

农户对农业农村信息化认知的影响因素分析——基于甘肃地区农户的样本调查

当代农业信息在推动农村经济发展、增加农民收入方面发挥着越来越重要的作用.农户是农业信息消费与需求的重要主体之一,他们对信息化的认知对农业农村信息化建设工作具有重要影响.在对甘肃地区农户样本调查数据进行多重线性回归分析的基础上,得出农户人均收入水平、耕地面积、农田水利条件等因素对农户认知农业农村信息化有重要的促进作用,提出了相关对策和建议.     

昭通市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属污染评价及相关性分析

以昭通市农田区域为研究对象,采用点对点协同采样的方法对昭通市农田土壤和蔬菜进行采集,测定了As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd和Cr 这6种重金属含量.使用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数对土壤重金属污染进行评价,利用健康风险模型评估蔬菜对人体产生的风险情况.结果表明,研究区土壤存在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr污染,相较于农用地风险筛选值,超标率分别为34.35%、6.87%、2.29%、80.15%和6.11%;蔬菜存在Pb、Cd和Cr污染,相较于食品中污染物限量,超标率分别为6.87%、15.27%和36.64%.土壤污染评价表明,土壤重金属Cd存在强生态风险,其余重金属存在轻微生态风险.人体健康风险评估模型显示,非致癌风险及致癌风险均超过可接受范围,且对儿童的影响更大.相关性分析表明,土壤中的As对蔬菜吸收Cu和Zn具有拮抗作用,而土壤中Cr对蔬菜吸收Cu和Zn具有促进作用.     

农业综合开发投资不足的理性预期分析

为解决农业综合开发投资不足的问题,根据理性预期理论研究了投资预期不足的制度原因。与农业资源开发的巨大资金需求、农业可持续发展需求、提高农业综合生产能力的要求及提高国际竞争力相比,农业综合开发投资明显不足,投资预期不高是农业综合开发投资不足的重要原因,投资预期不足的制度原因是收益低、风险高,农业公共财政制度缺位,分级财政投资体制所产生的贫困地区财政紧张、土地产权制度和农村社会保障制度及金融制度缺陷等。应从建立健全农业公共财政制度框架下的农业综合开发投资机制及开展土地产权等农业基础制度创新和改革金融制度等方面健全农业综合开发投资预期机制。     

Assessing the Effectiveness of Winter Cover Crops for Controlling Agricultural Nutrient Losses

A nutrient loss reduction strategy is necessary to guide the efforts of improving water quality downstream of an agricultural watershed. In this study, the effectiveness of two winter cover crops, namely cereal rye and annual ryegrass, is explored as a loss reduction strategy in a watershed that ultimately drains into a water supply reservoir. Using a coupled optimization-watershed model, optimal placements of the cover crops were identified that would result in the tradeoffs between nitrate-N losses reduction and adoption levels. Analysis of the 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% adoption levels extracted from the optimal tradeoffs showed that the cover crop placements would provide annual nitrate-N loss reductions of 3.0%–3.7%, 7.8%–8.8%, 15%–17.5%, and 20.9%–24.3%, respectively. In addition, for the same adoption levels (i.e., 10%–75%), sediment (1.8%–17.7%), and total phosphorus losses (0.8%–8.6%) could be achieved. Results also indicate that implementing each cover crop on all croplands of the watershed could cause annual water yield reduction of at least 4.8%, with greater than 28% in the months of October and November. This could potentially be detrimental to the storage volume of the downstream reservoir, especially in drought years, if cover crops are adopted in most of the reservoir's drainage area. Evaluating water yield impacts, particularly in periods of low flows, is thus critical if cover crops are to be considered as best management practices in water supply watersheds.     

Identification and characterization of extracted microplastics from agricultural soil near industrial area: FTIR and X-ray diffraction method

Microplastics have been found in large quantities in agricultural soil and now become a major global issue. Different types of microplastic have adverse effects on agricultural soil. The most widely used method for the extraction of microplastics in agricultural soil is the density floatation method by using saturated NaCl solution. This method includes the pre-digestion of soil samples with H₂O₂ to remove all the organic matter present in the soil. Different types of microplastic particles were extracted and identified by using ATR-FTIR viz polypropylene, polybutylene tetrapthalate, polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene tetrapthalate. The crystalline nature of extracted microplastic was checked by employing XRD analytical technique. Floatation with higher density saturated sodium chloride (NaCl) solution recovered approximately 80% MPs from soil. Floatation methods were found to be effective for extracting microplastics from soils.