加拿大最佳管理措施流域评价项目评述

可持续农业的目的是在保持良好环境质量的同时获得较高的农业生产率。最佳管理措施(BMPs)在世界范围内已得到广泛应用,以减少农业污染物对水环境的影响。自2004年以来,加拿大农业部实施了最佳管理措施流域评价(WEBs)项目,在全国各地选择了有代表性的9个小流域,对BMPs的环境和经济效益进行评价。笔者对过去几年来WEBs项目的进展、研究方法及主要成果进行简要的回顾,并对在中国开展类似项目的必要性和启示进行了探讨。     

三江平原农田源头排水沟渠截留排水中氮素动态

通过小尺度野外原位试验,研究排水沟渠水体、底泥和植物中氮含量的变化规律.结果表明,随水体停留时间增加,沟渠对水体氮素的净化能力增强,认为停留8d左右较适宜.沟渠对NH4-N的截留率大于TN和NO3--N.渠水停留11d时,4条试验沟渠[氮浓度高、磷浓度低(NHPL),氮浓度高、磷浓度高(NHPH),氮浓度低、磷浓度低(NLPL),氮浓度低、磷浓度高(NLPH)]对NH4+-N的截留率均达100％,对NO3--N的截留率分别为84.63％、84.35％、75.67％和76.14％,对TN的截留率分别为88.02％、89.89％、90.88％和88.53％.试验结束时沟渠表层(0～15 cm)底泥氮含量降低,植物氮累积量远大于进水TN总量,说明植物生长同时吸收了水体、土壤和底泥中的氮,建议在秋季适时收割植物,以避免植物分解导致二次污染.     

南疆近60a来寒潮气候特征及其对农业生产的影响

寒潮是我区主要灾害性天气之一,南疆植被稀少,温差大,强冷空气南下,容易形成寒潮。论文利用南疆5地(州)1949-2008年间的寒潮发生频次、 持续时间及其造成的受灾农田面积、 死亡牲畜、 经济损失数据资料,对南疆寒潮空间分布、 年际变化、 季节变化、 形成原因及其对农业生产影响进行深入分析。分析得出:①近60 a来,南疆寒潮发生频次山区多于平原、 北部多于南部,而寒潮过程降温幅度天山南麓绿洲带大于北部山区;对地(州)而言,巴州发生频次最多,受灾最严重,阿克苏次于巴州,克州与和田寒潮频次与受灾最少,喀什居中。②近60 a来,寒潮发生频次年际变化幅度较大,总体上呈现略有减少趋势,特别是1999年来频次明显减少;每年9月至翌年5月是寒潮活动期,以5月和4月发生频次最高,极端最大降温以4-5月和9-10月居多。③在气候变暖背景下,虽寒潮频次总体上呈略有减少趋势,但由于4-5月寒潮较多,而且小麦返青拔节,棉花出苗蕾铃,果树生芽开花,其抗寒能力下降,遇到明显降温,就会发生冻害,加上绿洲种植面积扩大,社会经济发展,承载体单位面积的受灾成本提高,使南疆寒潮低温冻害灾害呈显著增多趋势。     

哈尼梯田地区农户粮食作物种植结构及驱动力分析

哈尼稻作梯田系统作为全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）,具有极高的生态、经济、文化价值。近年来,以粮食产量增长为导向的农耕技术和作物品种单一化趋势,给哈尼梯田地区带来了严重的生态和食品安全问题。论文以农户生产行为作为切入点,从主要粮食作物的经济效益、耕地资源特征、村落发展类型、农户的家庭特征与资源禀赋进行实证研究,分析了哈尼梯田地区农户粮食作物种植结构现状及驱动因素。结果表明：1）调查涉及的41.23 hm²有效耕地中,按种植总面积排序,杂交稻、玉米、水果类作物位居前三。2）本地传统粮食作物--梯田红米,种植总面积和户均种植面积远小于经济效益较高的杂交稻和兼有饲料用途的玉米。同时,农户倾向于将其种植在质量较差、海拔较高的耕地上。3）作物的经济效益和耕地海拔及质量对替代性作物（如杂交稻和红米）的种植选择影响较大;个体农户层面上,农户特征与资源禀赋在不同程度上对不同作物的种植选择产生影响。     

中国西北旱区农业水土资源利用情景潜力研究

西北旱区水土资源供需矛盾突出,同时作为该区农业生产的瓶颈因素,决定该区经济社会生态可持续发展,因此有必要开展西北旱区农业水土资源相结合的空间情景潜力研究。论文采用水土资源匹配指数计算分析了西北旱区现状年（2010年）农业水土资源的匹配状况,采用农业水土资源利用潜力估算方法计算了西北旱区2020、2030年RCP 8.5和RCP 4.5两种情景下的农业水土资源利用潜力,实现了西北旱区农业水土资源利用潜力的可视化表达。结果表明：2020和2030年RCP 8.5和RCP 4.5排放情景下,相对于2010年,西北旱区各省2020和2030年的总农业水资源量和种植面积均减小。西北旱区6省份2020和2030年两种情景下整体综合效益和整体潜力值均为正,表明各省种植结构整体得到了优化。2020年RCP 8.5和RCP 4.5情景下,西北旱区农业水土资源利用潜力分布范围分别在-0.10×10⁴~0.83×10⁴元/hm²之间和 -1.20×10⁴~0.97×10⁴元/hm²之间;2030年RCP 8.5和RCP 4.5情景下,农业水土资源利用潜力分布范围分别在-0.39×10⁴~2.17×10⁴元/hm²之间和-0.36×10⁴~1.66×10⁴元/hm²之间。     

含固率和接种比对林可霉素菌渣厌氧消化的影响

通过林可霉素菌渣的中温厌氧消化摇瓶实验,比较不同的含固率(3%、5%、8%、10%)和接种比(0.5、1、2、3)对菌渣产甲烷能力的影响,以确定菌渣厌氧消化的最优工艺条件.结果表明,在研究参数范围内,含固率越低,接种比越高,越有利于甲烷的产生;经过10d的培养,在含固率为3%、接种比为3时的工况中,菌渣的挥发性固体(VS)累计净产甲烷量最高,为106 mL/g;而含固率>5%、接种比2的液态发酵工艺,此条件既能保证厌氧消化不受消化产物(胺和挥发性有机酸)积累的抑制,也可以缓冲菌渣中残留林可霉素对消化微生物可能产生的抑制效应.     

Policy relevance of three integrated assessment tools—A comparison with specific reference to agricultural policies

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), a system of market support instruments, direct income transfers, and rural development measures, has been put through an ongoing reform process in recent decades. This paper introduces three policy impact assessment tools (SIAT, SEAMLESS-IF, MEA-Scope tool) and analyses how these tools have responded to a number of challenges for integrated assessment modelling as reported in the international literature. Significant progress has been made with regard to modelling linkages whereas other challenges, particularly those related to issues of scale and uncertainty management, require further efforts. It is also analysed which CAP instruments are represented and what kinds of effects can be analysed at different scales. Market instruments and direct payments are comparatively well represented, while the ability to model rural development measures is mostly beyond the scope of these tools. Because each tool has found a different solution for coping with the common challenges of integrated assessment modelling, the choice of one of the tools for a particular application depends strongly on the policy questions being asked. The SIAT provides the big picture via its ability to represent broad changes in policy instruments with EU-wide cross-sector impacts. The most comprehensive analysis of agricultural policy instruments can be obtained with SEAMLESS-IF. The MEA-Scope tool complements the other two approaches with detailed regional profiles.     

辽宁省农用地质量空间分布格局及影响因素研究

采用GIS技术、地统计学分析和景观生态学方法对辽宁省农用地质量的空间分布规律及其多样性、均匀度、集中度、优势度等进行研究,结果表明：辽宁省农用地质量的区域分异明显,等别表现出由辽西低山丘陵区和辽东山地丘陵区向中部平原区的递增规律。探讨农用地质量空间格局的影响因素,发现农用地自然质量空间分布格局主要受到地带性因素与大尺度的非地带性因素的控制,农用地利用质量和经济质量空间分布格局受到人类活动的影响显著。     

An Ergonomie Study on Posture-Related Discomfort Among Preadolescent Agricultural Workers of West Bengal,India

In India, particularly in West Bengal, preadolescents are primarily associated with agricultural work in rural areas. Owing to poor socio-economic conditions, they are compelled to carry out a considerable number of manual, rigorous tasks in agricultural fields. The main aim of this study was to investigate postures adopted by preadolescent agricultural workers during individual agricultural activities and to analyze the causes of discomfort related to those postures. Fifty male and 50 female preadolescent agricultural workers were randomly selected and a detailed posture analysis was performed with the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS). It was observed that those workers worked continuously in awkward postures during certain agricultural activities. Consequently they suffered from discomfort in different parts of their body. Even though they were very young, they were likely to suffer from serious musculoskeletal disorders in the future.     

Validation of an agricultural non-point source （AGNPS） pollution model for a catchment in the Jiulong River watershed, China

This study tested and evaluated the agricultural non-point source(AGNPS)model for the Wuchuan catchment, a typical agricultural area in the Jiulong River watershed, Fujian Province. China. The AGNPS model was calibrated and validated for the study area with observed data onten storms. Thedata on eight stormsin 2002 were used for calibration while data on two stormswere used for validation of the model. Considering the lack of water quality data over a long-term series, a novel method, comparing an internal nested catchment with its surrounding catchment, was used to supplement the less long-term series data. Dual calibration and validation of the AGNPS model was obtained by this comparison. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients were 0. 99 and 0. 98 for runoff, 0. 94 and 0. 95 forthe peak runoff rate of the large catchment and the small catchment, respectively, and 0. 76 forthe sediment of the small catchment only. Each pair of correlation coefficients is homogeneous for the same event for the two catchments. With the exception of the sediment yield and particulate phosphorus, the peak nmofr rate and other nutrients were well predicted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the Soil Conservation Service curve number and rainfall quantity were the most sensitive parameters, which resulted in high output variations. Erosivitv and other parameters had little influence on the hydrological and quality outputs.