农用地使用权征用中农民的成本收益分析

社会经济的快速发展促使大量农用地征收以满足各部门各方面的用地需求,在此过程中伴随着农用地使用权征用.长期以来,农用地使用权征用补偿偏低及补偿不到位,使农用地使用权主体农民的权益受损而得不到有效的保障.本文在区域问卷随机抽样调查的基础上,综合运用成本收益分析法、分解求和法和条件价值评估法等研究方法来分析湖北省农用地使用权征用中农民的成本收益并进行相应的测算.研究结果表明,调查区农民由于农用地使用权征用两年每公顷耕地的成本收益差额分别为:武汉市江夏区是16 652.20元/hm2,新洲区是29753.82元/hm2,麻城市是35 602.06元/hm2,平均值是26 255.77元/hm2.测算结果说明在农用地使用权征用中农民负担的成本与获得的收益存在显著的差距.     

农业污染治理及保障机制研究

本文简述了农业产生的污染类型,讨论了农村空气、地表水和土壤的污染情况,分析了主要农村环境问题,并提出因地制宜,加快推进农村环境连片综合整治,建立循环型农业技术支撑体系,推行生态补偿机制等措施,进一步完善了农业污染治理和保障机制。     

环境规制条件下中国农业全要素生产率增长与分解

采用单元调查评估法对中国农业分省污染排放量进行核算的基础上,应用基于方向性距离函数的Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数方法,对1978-2008年环境规制条件下省际农业TFP增长及其源泉进行实证分析,将农业增长、资源节约与环境保护纳入到一个统一框架.研究发现:①环境规制条件下农业TFP取得了一定增长,主要由前沿技术进步贡献,环境技术效率也存在一定程度的改善,在时间趋势上大致可以划分为6个阶段;②从资源、环境与增长的统筹兼顾来看,农业TFP及其增长模式地区差异明显,东部地区要优于西部地区,中部地区则可能处于失衡状态;③以三大直辖市为代表的东部省区和西部青海、贵州和宁夏等边远省份直接主导着“农业环境技术创新”;④是否考虑环境污染成本,对农业生产率核算会产生较大影响,并可能导致政策偏误.     

环境污染对农业生产的影响

农业和农村环境是人类生存、经济发展和社会安定的基础和根本保证。但是,随着经济的发展和人口的增长,各种工业废弃物和农用化学物质不断地涌入农业环境,使得农业环境的污染负荷增加,农业本身产生的污染问题也日益严重,农业环境正面临一系列严重的环境污染和生态破坏的问题。环境各个要素的污染都会影响正常的农业生产,主要介绍了大气污染、水污染、土壤污染的基本特征及其对农业生产的影响。     

Testing a Simple Field Method for Assessing Nitrate Removal in Riparian Zones1

Abstract: Being able to identify riparian sites that function better for nitrate removal from groundwater is critical to using efficiently the riparian zones for water quality management. For this purpose, managers need a method that is quick, inexpensive, and accurate enough to enable effective management decisions. This study assesses the precision and accuracy of a simple method using three ground water wells and one measurement date for determining nitrate removal characteristics of riparian buffer zones. The method is a scaled‐down version of a complex field research method that consists of a large network of wells and piezometers monitored monthly for over two years. Results using the simplified method were compared to those from the reference research method on a date‐by‐date basis on eight sites covering a wide range of hydrogeomorphic settings. The accuracy of the three‐well, 1 day measurement method was relatively good for assessing nitrate concentration depletion across riparian zones, but poor for assessing the distance necessary to achieve a 90% nitrate removal and for estimating water and nitrate fluxes compared to the reference method. The simplified three‐well method provides relatively better estimates of water and nitrate fluxes on sites where ground‐water flow is parallel to the water table through homogeneous aquifer material, but such conditions may not be geographically widespread. Despite limited overall accuracy, some parameters that are estimated using the simplified method may be useful to water resource managers. Nitrate depletion information may be used to assess the adequacy of existing buffers to achieve nitrate concentration goals for runoff. Estimates of field nitrate runoff and buffer removal fluxes may be adequate for prioritizing management toward sites where riparian buffers are likely to have greater impact on stream water quality.     

通过农产品质量认证的合作社影响农业化肥用量的理论机制与实证分析

化肥减量施用是实现中国农产品质量安全与农业绿色高质量发展的重要举措之一,而小规模分散化的经营格局不利于化肥减量技术的推广使用。农民合作社是弥补小规模经营不足与实施农产品质量认证的重要制度安排,其能否以及如何促进农业化肥减量是当前亟待回答的重大现实问题。本文阐明了通过农产品质量认证的合作社对农业化肥用量的影响及作用机制,并基于2007—2018年中国30个省级（市、自治区）面板数据展开实证分析。研究结果表明：通过农产品质量认证的合作社存在显著的化肥减施效应,其主要通过质量溢价、组织规范、组织支持传导路径实现农业化肥减量。从区域差异看,在化肥用量处于高分位点的省份,通过农产品质量认证的合作社表现出更为显著的化肥减施效应;从农作物差异看,通过农产品质量认证的合作社对农业化肥减量施用的贡献主要来自水稻、小麦、玉米三大粮食作物,以及棉花、甘蔗、苹果、柑子四类经济作物的化肥减施效应。     

于桥水库周边农业小流域氮素流失浓度特征

选择天津市水源地于桥水库周边2个典型的农业小流域进行了长期的氮素流失研究.结果表明,地表径流的总氮浓度以村庄和果园为最高,平均浓度在20 mg·L-1左右;农田次之,山坡最低,平均浓度低于10 mg·L-1.亚表层流中氮素流失在不同地点和不同降雨事件中浓度有较大差异,总体趋势以果园最高,村庄中菜园次之,农田最低.在流域出口处.曹各庄流域地表径流总氮浓度达到18.5 m8·L-1,桃花寺流域出口处浓度为5.9 mg·L-1,流域内不同景观格局和迁移廊道地貌的差异是造成2个流域氮素流失浓度差异的主要原因.曹各庄流域中主要污染源村庄离水库较近(约200 m),且道路型季节性河流等性质特征对污染物的滞留能力较弱,增加了氮素流失到受纳水体的风险;桃花寺流域的污染源村庄和果园离受纳水体较远(约1500 m),氮素在季节性河流迁移过程中被小石坝、植被过滤带和干塘等"汇"型结构所滞留.从而降低了向水体迁移的风险.     

Theoretical and Empirical Analysis on Influence Factors of Modern Agricultural Equipment Level in the Process of Agricultural Sustainable Development

Abstract

To promote modern agricultural equipment level is one characteristic of constructing and developing modern agriculture in China. This paper makes up stepwise linear regression analysis model of influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level, and chooses rural labor, per capita income of rural residents, rural investment, proportion of people at secondary education level and at higher level in per hundred rural labor force and arable land area as independent variables, and total power of machine as induced variable. The major results show that the relativity of modern agricultural equipment level, rural investment and education level of peasants is remarkable, and they are the major influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level. Raising investment level of rural infrastructure construction as well as and research and development and promotion of advanced and applicable modern agricultural equipment, improving quality and education level of peasants can accelerate the development of China’s modern agricultural equipment effectively in the process of agricultural sustainable development.     

黄土高原半干旱区雨水利用与可持续农业发展研究

黄土高原半干旱区是一个特定的生态类型和重要的农业区域 ,严重的水土流失和频繁的干旱是该区农业可持续发展的主要制约因素。本文在分析雨水利用可行性的基础上 ,提出了农业发展的有效模式———集水型生态农业 ,它不仅适应于当地的雨水等自然资源条件 ,更适应生产力发展水平 ,易于在农户水平上推广 ,并且具有显著的经济、生态和社会效益 ,是实现该区农业可持续发展的战略性举措 ,同时也为“退耕还林 (草 )”开发战略的实施提供了一个思路     

The transatlantic rift in genetically modified food policy

The regulatory structures underlying United States and European Union policies regarding genetically modified (GM) food and crops are fundamentally different. The US regulates GM foods and crops as end products, applying roughly the same regulatory framework that it does to non GM foods or crops. The EU, on the other hand, regulates products of agricultural biotechnology as the result of a specific production process. Accordingly, it has developed a network of rules that regulate GM foods and crops specifically. As a result, US regulation of GM foods and crops is relatively permissive, whereas EU regulation is relatively restrictive. Why are genetically modified food policies in the United States and the European Union so strikingly different? In the light of the recent World Trade Organization dispute on agricultural biotechnology, it may seem that economic interests are the driving force behind policies. While they are certainly part of the picture, the issue is far more complex. This paper argues that three different elements help explain differences between US and EU GM food policies. First, an investigation of US and European policies of the 1970s and 1980s on recombinant DNA research and of events leading up to early GM food and crop regulation allows a deeper understanding of current policy. Second, scrutinizing underlying values and norms can uncover the beliefs that condition current GM food and crop policy. Third, an analysis of involved actors’ views and levels of success in influencing policy is essential to understanding US and EU policies.