农地整理对农户农地固定资本投入的影响研究

农地整理是政府农村公共投入的一种,农户的农地固定资本投入是农户的私人投资,研究农地整理对农户农地固定资本投入的投入效应将为农地整理的有效实施和促进农业机械化提供理论依据。在理论分析的基础上,基于农户调查数据,分别运用Tobit和Logit模型,分析了农地整理变量对农户农地固定资本投入的现状和意愿的影响。研究结果表明:农户对农地整理的满意程度对农户农地固定资本投入有正向影响;农户参与农地整理的意愿对农户农地固定资本投入意愿有正向作用;农地整理对农户农地固定资本投入的意愿比农户农地固定资本投入现状影响更为明显。因此,需要提高农地整理的质量,确保农地整理的实施;应该完善农户参与农地整理的机制,提高农户参与农地整理项目的意识和程度,充分保障农民权益;在农地整理项目实施的基础上,应该进一步克服农业机械化的障碍,从而推动农户发展农业机械化。     

Theoretical and Empirical Analysis on Influence Factors of Modern Agricultural Equipment Level in the Process of Agricultural Sustainable Development

Abstract

To promote modern agricultural equipment level is one characteristic of constructing and developing modern agriculture in China. This paper makes up stepwise linear regression analysis model of influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level, and chooses rural labor, per capita income of rural residents, rural investment, proportion of people at secondary education level and at higher level in per hundred rural labor force and arable land area as independent variables, and total power of machine as induced variable. The major results show that the relativity of modern agricultural equipment level, rural investment and education level of peasants is remarkable, and they are the major influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level. Raising investment level of rural infrastructure construction as well as and research and development and promotion of advanced and applicable modern agricultural equipment, improving quality and education level of peasants can accelerate the development of China’s modern agricultural equipment effectively in the process of agricultural sustainable development.     

江南丘陵县域农业资源利用与农业结构优化

针对南方红壤丘陵区农业资源利用的现状，以湖南省桃江县为例，应用灰色关联度模型定量分析了农业各部门产值对农业总产值的影响程度。结果发现，近50年来桃江县农业各部门的关联序列为：种植业（0.887 5）>牧业（0.760 2）>渔业（0.675 6）>林业（0.543 3）。种植业和牧业产值的变化对桃江农业总产值的波动起着主导作用。基于历史统计数据，利用灰色预测模型预测了2001~2005年5年内桃江县农业各部门产值的变化趋势。预测结果表明，各部门发展对农业总产值的关联度分别为：种植业（0.611 3）>渔业（0.358 7）>林业（0.347 6）>牧业（0.334 7）。比较两组关联序列可以清楚发现农业产业各部门的发展潜力。结合桃江农业资源和各部门的发展趋势，提出了桃江县农业结构优化调整的方向。     

农业资源利用模式体系构建的理论探讨--以江汉-洞庭平原为例

针对我国当前农业资源合理利用方法途径的系统性与实践性不强的问题,从长期的农业生产实践出发,应用系统论的研究方法,对农业资源利用方式与地域单元的要素组成及其结构层次进行了系统分析,构建了农业资源利用模式的三级体系框架,并分别按地域单元与行政区划设置了相应级别的空间尺度。同时,在此模式体系框架下,以江汉—洞庭平原为研究区域,进行了农业资源利用模式体系构建的实例分析,探讨了农业资源利用模式的应用与发展,为农业资源高效合理利用提供了可操作的指导框架与实施途径。     

长江中游平原农业水灾风险管理的制度建设

规避农业洪涝巨灾风险是长江中游平原农业生产发展的必然选择。通过剖析我国农地制度和小规模农户经营的风险特征,认识到我国农地制度存在小规模经营缺陷和缺乏产权激励机制,农户在应对洪涝巨灾自然风险时表现为无能为力,并且现有农业分担风险的外部环境更使农户无法承受自然巨灾风险而被迫成为农业生产经营风险的回避者,因此应对农业洪涝巨灾风险必须在政府主导下实现。提出长江中游平原农业水灾风险管理制度建设安排建议：加强长江中上游地区生态环境建设、保持水土和恢复湿地生态系统;发展避洪农业,实现区域农业结构的优化;实施积极的财政政策,增加农业投入;完善农业保险制度安排,以农业政策性保险分担农业水灾风险,增强长江中游地区农户抵御自然灾害的能力。     

农业结构调整对全国粮食安全的影响分析--以粮食主产区为例

基于粮食主产区农业发展及其结构调整中面临的问题分析，指出近5年来导致我国粮食产量持续下降的主要原因在于农业结构调整。大规模的“压粮扩经”趋势若不能有效控制，必将对国家粮食安全带来冲击。对2005-2010年我国粮食需求及粮食主产区占全国粮食产量比重进行测算．提出不同粮食自给率下国家粮食安全对粮食主产区粮食生产的目标要求。粮食主产区具有满足国家粮食安全产量需要的生产潜力。     

西部地区农业资源利用的效率分析及政策建议

农业生产能否持续发展直接决定着,区域可持续发展能否实现。农业生产活动以土地资源、水资源作为主要的生态要素．并以化肥等作为外界投入要素。西部地区农业生产用水占用水总量的70％以上,农业也是国家实施退耕还林（草）工程。进行生态建设的主战场。通过计算西部地区备省区的耕地、水资源,化肥等主要农业资源消耗系数。对西部地区主要农业资源的科用效率进行了评价。结果表明：西部地区耕地资源的平均消耗系数为2．68m^2／kg粮食,农业水资源的平均消耗系数为1．10m^2／kg粮食．化肥的平均消耗系数为0．078m^2/kg粮食。根据计算结果,提出了提高西部地区土地资源,水资源以及化肥资源利用效率的政策性建议。     

The transatlantic rift in genetically modified food policy

The regulatory structures underlying United States and European Union policies regarding genetically modified (GM) food and crops are fundamentally different. The US regulates GM foods and crops as end products, applying roughly the same regulatory framework that it does to non GM foods or crops. The EU, on the other hand, regulates products of agricultural biotechnology as the result of a specific production process. Accordingly, it has developed a network of rules that regulate GM foods and crops specifically. As a result, US regulation of GM foods and crops is relatively permissive, whereas EU regulation is relatively restrictive. Why are genetically modified food policies in the United States and the European Union so strikingly different? In the light of the recent World Trade Organization dispute on agricultural biotechnology, it may seem that economic interests are the driving force behind policies. While they are certainly part of the picture, the issue is far more complex. This paper argues that three different elements help explain differences between US and EU GM food policies. First, an investigation of US and European policies of the 1970s and 1980s on recombinant DNA research and of events leading up to early GM food and crop regulation allows a deeper understanding of current policy. Second, scrutinizing underlying values and norms can uncover the beliefs that condition current GM food and crop policy. Third, an analysis of involved actors’ views and levels of success in influencing policy is essential to understanding US and EU policies.     

Risk of Public Disclosure in Environmental Farm Plan Programs: Characteristics and Mitigating Legal and Policy Strategies

Although various studies have shown thatfarmers believe there is the need for a producer-ledinitiative to address the environmental problems fromagriculture, farmers in several Canadian provinceshave been reluctant to widely participate inEnvironmental Farm Plan (EFP) programs. Few studieshave examined the key issues associated with adoptingEFP programs based on farmers', as opposed to policymakers', perspectives on why producers are reluctantto participate in the program. A study adapting VanRaaij's (1981) conceptual model of the decision-makingenvironment of the firm, and prospect theory on valuefunctions associated with the gains and losses fromrisky choices can be used to characterize how farmersperceive potential risks in environmental farmplanning. This framework can be used to assert thatfarmers are concerned about risks of public disclosureof potentially incriminating environmental informationfrom farms because the EFP program requirements foridentification and extensive documentation of farminformation is perceived by farmers as facilitatingthe accessibility of environmental information to thepublic, and public investigative efforts. Although theEFP program does not explicitly generate informationabout the environmental conditions of a farm nor thedisclosure of such information to the public, itcreates the possibility of generating and divulgingpotentially incriminating information that the farmermay want to treat as confidential. Yet, alone, theserisks of public disclosure concerns should not preventfarmers from participating in the EFP. Awareness ofand participation in environmental farm planning canbe increased if farmers and policy makers understandwhat the risks are, and how they arise. Aspects of theEFP process that have the potential to generate riskof public disclosure concerns relate to farm reviews,documentation and record keeping, and correctiveaction plans. There are legal and policy instrumentsthat can offer various forms of protection and helpminimize such risks, and these need to be assessed.     

我国加入WTO对农业综合开发的影响及对策

本文首先分析了加入WTO对我国农业综合开发的不利影响和有利影响,不利影响主要在于国内市场分额被挤占、农产品质量差距明显等;有利影响主要是开拓国外市场、引进技术和资金等,文章结合我国的国情,提出我国农业综合开发在WTO框架下的应对措施。