佛山农业表层土壤磁化率特征及其与重金属含量的关系

环境磁学方法针对城市、矿区、工业区等特定区域土壤的研究现已比较普遍,但在农业土壤重金属研究中的应用还比较少。本文对采自佛山市的532件农业表层土壤样品进行低频（976 Hz）和高频（15616 Hz）磁化率测试,在分析其空间分布特征的基础上选取175件（其中,旱地土样149件,水田土样26件）代表性样品进行重金属（Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Hg、As）含量的分析测试。在分析不同土壤样品磁化率与重金属含量之间相关关系的基础上,从旱地和水田土壤中分别挑选出6种与低频磁化率高度相关的重金属元素（旱地Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、Cd、Pb,相关系数分别为0.599、0.492、0.279、0.510、0.445、0.225;水田Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、Cd、Hg,相关系数分别为0.728、0.699、0.606、0.602、0.764、0.450）进行回归分析,列出回归方程,并得到一些初步认识。主要有（1）低频磁化率与频率磁化率在空间分布上总体呈现相反趋势;（2）重金属含量与低频磁化率总体呈正相关,但正相关的元素种类在旱地和水田土壤中有所差异;（3）所研究的旱地土壤重金属含量与频率磁化率呈负相关关系,但这种相关关系在水田土壤中没有明显表现;（4）Pb 元素在旱地土壤中与低频磁化率表现出显著正相关（P〈0.01）,在水田土壤中却与低频磁化率和频率磁化率表现出一定的负相关性。（5）通过测定农业土壤的磁化率即可初步推算出相应的重金属含量,为磁学方法在农业表层土壤重金属快速监测领域的进一步应用提供了数据支持和科学依据。     

农业环境中抗生素风险评估的研究进展

抗生素在畜牧、种植及水产养殖等农业领域广泛应用,且大量抗生素未经代谢就进入环境,因此明确其对生态环境和人类健康的影响至关重要.通过系统综述抗生素风险评估方法的相关研究.结果表明,生态环境风险主要通过风险商法（RQ）评估,预测无影响浓度（PNECs）是生态环境风险评估的重要指标,但其取值尚存在争议;健康风险的评估方法为危害商法（HQ）,抗生素暴露途径和毒理学阈值的选取是评估的关键.目前两类评估方法均缺乏对复合污染的研究,且未考虑抗生素代谢产物潜在的风险.进一步地分析表明,水环境和粪/肥/土壤环境中抗生素的生态风险普遍存在,粪/肥还田均会影响水土环境,土地利用类型与高风险抗生素种类有关;PNECs的取值受所选受试物种、实验条件、计算方法和土壤类型等影响;通过饮食摄入抗生素引起的健康风险极微,但沿海地区通过食用海鲜引起的健康风险不容忽视;农业环境中的喹诺酮类抗生素生态风险和健康风险均相对较高.基于抗生素在农业中的使用量及相关环境中的残留浓度和毒性,研究提出了农业环境中需要优先控制的抗生素清单,总结了抗生素风险评估存在的主要问题,可为农业环境中抗生素的风险评估优化和污染防治提供支撑.     

黄土高原生态环境建设与农业可持续发展战略研究

从黄土高原宁夏部分生态建设与农业可持续发展的战略地位出发,阐述了宁夏生态环境存在的问题与治理经验,并提出了如何改善宁夏生态环境、进行保护性建设的一些可行性建设。     

论农资产品的使用对新疆农业生态环境的影响

从农业生产、农业生态及环境保护等角度,对农药、化肥和农膜三大农资产品在农业生产中的作用及负面效应进行了分析。认为在现代农业生产中的农药、化肥和农膜具有不可替代的作用。在相当长的一段时间内、这些农资产品的应用是不可能摈弃的。但其负面效应也是不可忽视的。尤其是对农业生态环境的影响。应采取一切行之有效的措施消除或消弱其不利影响。     

USE OF SOIL AND WATER PROTECTION PRACTICES AMONG FARMERS IN THE NORTH CENTRAL REGION OF THE UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Data were collected in the fall of 1998 and the winter of 1999 from 1,011 land owner‐operators within three watersheds in the North Central Region of the United States to assess adoption of soil and water protection practices. Farm owner‐operators were asked to indicate how frequently they used 18 different agricultural production practices. Many farmers within the three watersheds had adopted conservation protection practices. However, they also employed production practices that could negate many of the environmental benefits associated with conservation practices in use. Comparison of adoption behaviors used in the three watersheds revealed significant differences among the study groups. Respondents in the Iowa and Ohio watersheds reported greater use of conservation production systems than did farmers in Minnesota. However, there were no significant differences between Ohio and Iowa farmers in terms of use of conservation production practices. This was surprising, since farmers in the Ohio watershed had received massive amounts of public and private investments to motivate them to adopt and to continue using conservation production systems. These findings bring into serious question the use of traditional voluntary conservation programs such as those employed in the Ohio watershed. Study findings suggest that new policy approaches should be considered. It is argued that “whole farm planning” should be a significant component of new agricultural conservation policy.     

Risk of public disclosure in environmental farm plan programs: Characteristics and mitigating legal and policy strategies

Although various studies have shown that farmers believe there is the need for a producer-led initiative to address the environmental problems from agriculture, farmers in several Canadian provinces have been reluctant to widely participate in Environmental Farm Plan (EFP) programs. Few studies have examined the key issues associated with adopting EFP programs based on farmers’, as opposed to policy makers’, perspectives on why producers are reluctant to participate in the program. A study adapting Van Raaij’s (1981) conceptual model of the decision-making environment of the firm, and prospect theory on value functions associated with the gains and losses from risky choices can be used to characterize how farmers perceive potential risks in environmental farm planning. This framework can be used to assert that farmers are concerned about risks of public disclosure of potentially incriminating environmental information from farms because the EFP program requirements for identification and extensive documentation of farm information is perceived by farmers as facilitating the accessibility of environmental information to the public, and public investigative efforts. Although the EFP program does not explicitly generate information about the environmental conditions of a farm nor the disclosure of such information to the public, it creates the possibility of generating and divulging potentially incriminating information that the farmer may want to treat as confidential. Yet, alone, these risks of public disclosure concerns should not prevent farmers from participating in the EFP. Awareness of and participation in environmental farm planning can be increased if farmers and policy makers understand what the risks are, and how they arise. Aspects of the EFP process that have the potential to generate risk of public disclosure concerns relate to farm reviews, documentation and record keeping, and corrective action plans. There are legal and policy instruments that can offer various forms of protection and help minimize such risks, and these need to be assessed.     

REGIONAL NITRATE LEACHING VARIABILITY: WHAT MAKES A DIFFERENCE IN NORTHEASTERN COLORADO

ABSTRACT: The high spatial variability of nitrate concentrations in ground water of many regions is thought to be closely related to spatially-variable leaching rates from agricultural activities. To clarify the relative roles of the different nitrate leaching controlling variables under irrigated agriculture in northeastern Colorado, we conducted an extensive series of leaching simulations with the NLEAP model using best estimates of local agricultural practices. The results of these simulations were then used with GIS to estimate the spatial variability of leachate quality for a 14,000 ha area overlying the alluvial aquifer of the South Platte River. Simulations showed that in the study area, differences in soil type might lead to 5–10 kg/ha of N variation in annual leaching rates while variability due to crop rotations was as much as 65 kg-N/ha for common rotations. Land application of manure from confined animal feeding operations may account for more than 100 kg-N/ha additional leaching. For a selected index rotation, the simulated nitrogen leaching rates across the area varied from 10 to 299 kg/ha and simulated water volumes leached ranged from 13 to 76 cm/yr depending on soil type, irrigation type, and use of manure. Resulting leachate concentrations of 3.5–140 mg/l NO₃ as N were simulated. Land application of manure was found to be the most important factor determining the mass flux of nitrate leached and the combination of sprinkler irrigation and manure application yields the highest leachate concentrations.     

Are Life Patents Ethical? Conflict between Catholic Social Teaching and Agricultural Biotechnology's Patent Regime

Patents for genetic material in theindustrialized North have expandedsignificantly over the past twenty years,playing a crucial role in the currentconfiguration of the agricultural biotechnologyindustries, and raising significant ethicalissues. Patents have been claimed for genes,gene sequences, engineered crop species, andthe technical processes to engineer them. Mostcritics have addressed the human and ecosystemhealth implications of genetically engineeredcrops, but these broad patents raise economicissues as well. The Catholic social teachingtradition offers guidelines for critiquing theeconomic implications of this new patentregime. The Catholic principle of the universaldestination of goods implies that genes, genesequences, and engineered crop varieties areineligible for patent protection, although theprocesses to engineer these should be eligible.Religious leaders are likely to make a moresubstantive contribution to debates aboutagricultural biotechnology by addressing theselife patents than by speculating that geneticengineering is ``playing God.'     

环鄱阳湖区农业面源污染TN/TP时空变化与分布特征

以鄱阳湖区周边12县市为研究区域,以氮、磷2种污染物为研究对象,以土地利用、畜禽以及农业人口为三大主要营养源,运用输出系数模型对环鄱阳湖区1997~2007年的面源污染现状负荷进行估算,结果表明TP/TN都呈现平稳上升的趋势,且面源污染高负荷区主要集中在南昌县、新建县和南昌市辖地区;预测2011~2020年TN/TP的变化,结果表明研究区域总磷总氮均有明显增长趋势,环鄱阳湖区年平均TN/TP相对现状年平均增长率为1746%和1602%。面源污染负荷的三大营养源贡献中畜禽输出负荷的贡献率随时间的推移有明显增加的趋势,农业人口和土地利用的贡献率有下降的趋势,揭示了环鄱阳湖地区禽畜污染将是农业面源污染的主要污染源。并借助GIS工具分析了TN/TP在环湖各地区的分布特征,指出了面源污染控制的重点工作区域     

中国农业碳排放时空特征及影响因素分解

农业生产所导致碳排放大幅增加以及引发的环境问题,越来越受到人们的关注.本研究基于农业生产中6个主要方面的碳源,测算了我国1993-2008年农业碳排放量.发现自1993年以来我国农业碳排放处于阶段性的上升态势,总体上可分为快速增长期、缓慢增长期、增速反弹回升期、增速明显放缓期等四个变化阶段.其中农业碳排放总量和强度年平均增长率分别为4.08％、2.38％.农业碳排放总量较高地区主要集中在农业大省,农业碳排放强度较高地区主要集中在发达城市、东部沿海发达省份和中部农韭大省.进一步通过Kaya恒等式变形对农业碳排放影响因素进行分解研究,结果表明,效率因素、结构因素、劳动力规模因素对碳排放量具有一定的抑制作用,1994-2008年与基期相比分别累计实现12.95％、26.62％、33.29％的碳减排,而农业经济发展则对农业碳排放具有较强推动作用,累计产生154.94％的碳增量.最后,据此提出促进农业减排的政策建议.