用“多因子空间叠加法”评价城市区域环境综合质量

对常用的环境影响评价的“单因子评价法”进行了扩充，在此基础上提出了一种评价城市区域环境综合质量的方法——“多因子空间叠加法”。该方法采用计算机辅助设计技术、运用区位理论分析影响区域环境质量的因子的作用分值及其权重，最后根据计算得出的综合分值进行评价。通过实例运用分析，表明该方法较好地表征出多个因子对评价区域的影响，得出一个较为全面的综合性结果。     

COD测定方法的发展与研究动态

本文较为全面地论述了COD测定方法的发展与研究现状。在论述了国标中COD标准方法不足之处的基础上,本文就标准方法的众多改进措施分类进行了比较与探讨,包括消解方法的改进、替代催化剂的研究以及氯离子干扰的消除,然后介绍了相关系数法、电化学法、分光光度法和流动注射法等COD测定替代技术。本文认为,研究试剂用量少、无污染的绿色COD测定方法具有重要而积极的意义,而研究适应性强、运行可靠、性价比高的COD在线监测仪则是COD监测的发展趋势。     

物理因子诱变技术在废水生物处理中的应用研究

污水微生物处理法是废水生物处理的主要方法之一,利用物理因子诱变选育高效菌种,增强它对污染物的降解能力,是水污染治理研究领域的一个热点.本文综述了紫外线、γ射线、离子束和激光等物理因子诱变技术的机理及近年来这个领域的研究进展.     

多点激励下连续桥梁地震响应特性研究

地震动在强度和频率等方面均具有非平稳特性,导致多跨桥梁的动力响应非常复杂.为了研究多跨连续桥梁在多点地震动激励下的反应,首先提出了评价多点地震动非平稳性的3个指标:幅值绝对值的标准差、方向离散度和穿零率.根据桥梁多点激励运动方程的特点,阐述了广义振型参与系数矩阵的意义,及其与传统振型参与系数矩阵的联系和区别.根据多点地...     

Building a global taxonomy of wildlife offenses

Most countries have many pieces of legislation that govern biodiversity, including a range of criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions that state how wildlife must be legally used, managed, and protected. However, related debates in conservation, such as about enforcement, often overlook the details within national legislation that define which specific acts are illegal, the conditions under which laws apply, and how they are sanctioned. Based on a review of 90 wildlife laws in 8 high-biodiversity countries with different legal systems, we developed a taxonomy that describes all types of wildlife offenses in those countries. The 511 offenses are organized into a hierarchical taxonomy that scholars and practitioners can use to help conduct legal analyses. This is significant amidst competing calls to strengthen, deregulate, and reform wildlife legislation, particularly in response to fears over zoonotic threats and large-scale biodiversity loss. It can be used to provide more nuance legal analyses and facilitate like-for-like comparisons across countries, informing processes to redraft conservation laws, review deregulation efforts, close loopholes, and harmonize legislation across jurisdictions. We applied the taxonomy in a comparison of sanctions in 8 countries for hunting a protected species. We found not only huge ranges in fines (US$0 to $200,000) and imprisonment terms (1.5 years to life imprisonment), but also fundamentally different approaches to designing sanctions for wildlife offenses. The taxonomy also illustrates how future legal taxonomies can be developed for other environmental issues (e.g., invasive species, protected areas).     

Aerosol transmission,an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread: case study of a department-store cluster

• Aerosol transmission is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread. • Different outbreak sites have different epidemiologic feature. • SRAS-CoV-2 can exist for a long time in aerosol. • SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in diverse places. • Some environmental factors can impact SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol. Patients with COVID-19 have revealed a massive outbreak around the world, leading to widespread concerns in global scope. Figuring out the transmission route of COVID-19 is necessary to control further spread. We analyzed the data of 43 patients in Baodi Department Store (China) to supplement the transmission route and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in a cluster outbreak. Incubation median was estimated to endure 5.95 days (2–13 days). Almost 76.3% of patients sought medical attention immediately upon illness onset. The median period of illness onset to hospitalization and confirmation were 3.96 days (0–14) and 5.58 days (1–21), respectively. Patients with different cluster case could demonstrate unique epidemiological characteristics due to the particularity of outbreak sites. SRAS-CoV-2 can be released into the surrounding air through patient’s respiratory tract activities, and can exist for a long time for long-distance transportation. SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in different sites, including isolation ward, general ward, outdoor, toilet, hallway, and crowded public area. Environmental factors influencing were analyzed and indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol was dependent on temperature, air humidity, ventilation rate and inactivating chemicals (ozone) content. As for the infection route of case numbers 2 to 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20 and 23, we believe that aerosol transmission played a significant role in analyzing their exposure history and environmental conditions in Baodi Department Store. Aerosol transmission could occur in some cluster cases when the environmental factors are suitable, and it is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread.     

甘肃省农业高质量发展水平测度及制约因子研究

结合农业高质量发展的特征,构建农业高质量发展评价指标体系,采用熵值法、障碍因子诊断模型对甘肃省2009—2018年农业高质量发展水平和制约因素进行分析。结果发现:①2009—2018年,甘肃省农业高质量发展综合水平整体呈增长态势,但农业发展质量不高。②农业绿色发展和农业科技创新是甘肃省农业高质量发展的主要短板。③人力资本和生态环境保护是制约甘肃省农业高质量发展的主要因素。基于研究结果,提出强化政府职能、培育和引进高质量农业人才、贯彻新发展理念、构建生态补偿机制等加快甘肃省农业高质量发展的政策建议。     

徒步休闲制约因素的类型与差异研究--以宁波市北山游步道为例

基于浙江省宁波市北山游步道的调研数据,综合采用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析和方差分析等方法,对徒步休闲制约因素的类型及其差异进行了研究。结果表明:①北山游步道徒步休闲的制约因素共有7种类型,分别为休闲设施、闲暇时间、环境状况、经济因素、个人内在因素、交通可达性、人际间因素。②7种徒步休闲制约因素在性别、年龄、学历、职业、收入、婚姻状况、孩子个数等人口统计学变量上呈现出差异。研究结果可为当地制定徒步休闲政策提供参考。     

会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子特征及成因分析

以我国最大的低海拔岩溶湿地会仙岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区丰水期、平水期和枯水期共采集的27组地下水样品中常规离子进行检测和分析,在分析会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子化学特征和不同时期变化基础上,运用单指标污染标准指数法对不同时期地下水进行污染评价,利用多元统计、Gibbs模型和离子比例关系识别地下水主要离子成因.结果表明,研究区内岩溶地下水主要为弱碱性淡水,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为优势离子.不同时期地下水主要离子总浓度顺序为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中K⁺和NO₃^-主要受含水层空间分布差异影响,Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺和TDS受时空尺度综合作用,Na⁺、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-和Cl^-为水体中较稳定离子.受碳酸盐岩控制,丰水期、平水期和枯水期地下水化学类型具有高度一致性,HCO₃-Ca水占比分别为77.78%、77.78%和88.89%.地下水主要受SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NO₂^-污染,NO₃^-出现极严重程度污染样点,SO₄^2-在丰水期和平水期出现较重污染样点.地下水化学组分主要受水岩作用控制,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于方解石风化溶解,少量水点受白云岩、白云质灰岩及硫铁矿控制导致Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-浓度偏高,K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-部分来源于大气降水,Na⁺和Cl^-部分来源于当地居民生活,K⁺与种植施用的钾肥相关,NO₃^-主要来源是化学肥料.     

工程规模长填龄渗滤液膜生物-纳滤组合设施各单元污染物去除效能

填埋场渗滤液性质复杂,普遍采用生物处理与深度处理多单元串联工艺;但是,因缺乏对工程运行规模中各单元污染物处理贡献的评估数据,使优化单元组合方式缺少理论依据.因此,本文采用常规和荧光光谱指标结合的方法,对以采用"膜生物反应器（membrane biological reactor,MBR）+纳滤（nanofiltration,NF）"工艺、处理能力800 m³·d^-1的工程设施为对象,分析该组合工艺各单元对长填龄渗滤液处理贡献;同时,利用三维荧光-平行因子分析方法（excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy-parallel factor,EEM-PARAFAC）评估渗滤液中溶解性有机物（dissolved organic matters,DOM）性质的变化.结果表明,生物处理阶段对溶解性氮（dissolved nitrogen,DN）去除贡献率为74.7%,其中一级反硝化单元对DN去除贡献率为54.6%,外置式超滤单元对溶解性化学需氧量（dissolved chemical oxygen demand,sCOD）和溶解性碳（dissolved oganic carbon,DOC）降低贡献率分别为92.2%和93.3%,纳滤单元可有效去除重金属和盐分,但能力有限.通过追踪长填龄渗滤液DOM变化发现,一级反硝化单元可去除长填龄渗滤液中75.4%的类蛋白物质,超滤单元主要截留亲水性较高的DOM,而高芳香性的腐殖质主要通过纳滤截留,腐殖化程度越高截留效果越好.研究结果提示,处理长填龄渗滤液时,MBR工艺生物处理单元可适当简化,超滤单元则应预防堵塞.