农用地资源修正法定级之技术路线探讨——以佛山市高明区为例

目前我国农用地资源定级很少运用修正法,少数学者对修正法定级做过尝试性的实证研究工作,以期探讨修正法定级技术路线的科学性与可行性.在前人研究的基础上,以佛山高明区为例,探讨了修正法定级之修正基础的确定、修正因素的选择、修正系数的计算、定级指数的确定等几个关键技术步骤,提出了以农用地自然质量等指数作为修正基础,采用标准化方法对修正因素分值进行订正,用连乘法计算农用地质量定级指数来划分农用地级别的修正法定级的技术路线,并与因素法定级的成果进行对比分析与验证.     

A multiple criteria evaluation of sustainable agricultural development models using AHP

Selection of the appropriate agricultural development model has become an important issue in Iran. Using data from Fars province of Iran, the purpose of this paper is to use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for selecting between the two competing sustainable agricultural development models, which have been developed based on the general tenets of Ecological Modernization (EM) and De-Modernization (DM) theories. Farmers, environmentalists, board members of rural cooperative, rural women and experts from Fars Agricultural (Jehad-e-Keshavarzi) Organization participated in application of AHP to this study. They applied AHP to determine the priority of DM and EM based sustainable agricultural development models. Each group determined the priority of the two models for sustainable agricultural development. The findings indicated that ecological criteria i.e. wise use of resources, environmental protection and product quality are the most important criteria for sustainable agriculture of Iran, followed by economic criterion employment and social criterion participation. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the critical factors that affected the priority of alternatives. The results indicated that EM-based sustainable agricultural development model has a higher priority as the theoretical base of agricultural development of Iran. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue     

Effects of Conversion of Dry Tropical Forest to Agricultural Mosaic on Herpetofaunal Assemblages

Abstract: We explored the impact of forest conversion to agricultural mosaic on anuran, lizard, snake, and turtle assemblages of Neotropical dry forests. Over 2 years, we sampled 6 small watersheds on the west coast of Mexico, 3 conserved and 3 disturbed. The disturbed watersheds were characterized by a mosaic of pastures and cultivated fields (corn, beans, squash) intermingled with patches of different successional stages of dry forest. In each watershed, we conducted 11 diurnal and nocturnal time‐constrained searches in 10 randomly established plots. We considered vulnerability traits of species in relation to habitat modification. Eighteen anuran, 18 lizard, 23 snake, and 3 turtle species were recorded. Thirty‐six species (58%) occurred in both forest conditions, and 14 (22%) and 12 species (19%) occurred only in the conserved and disturbed sites, respectively. Assemblages responded differently to disturbance. Species richness, diversity, and abundance of lizards were higher in disturbed forests. Anuran diversity and species richness were lower in disturbed forest but abundance was similar in both forest conditions. Diversity, richness, and abundance of turtles were lower in disturbed forest. The structure and composition of snake assemblages did not differ between forest conditions. We considered species disturbance sensitive if their abundance was significantly less in disturbed areas. Four anuran (22%), 2 lizard (11%), and 3 turtle (100%) species were sensitive to disturbance. No snake species was sensitive. The decline in abundance of disturbance‐sensitive species was associated with the reduction of forest canopy cover, woody stem cover, roots, and litter‐layer ground cover. Anuran species with small body size and direct embryonic development were especially sensitive to forest disturbance. An important goal for the conservation of herpetofauna should be the determination of species traits associated with extinction or persistence in agricultural mosaics.     

基于LCA的北京市公交车节能及温室气体减排潜力分析

新能源公交车是未来城市公交行业节能及温室气体减排的重点发展方向.新能源公交车在行驶阶段具有良好的节能及温室气体减排效果,而汽车制造、能源生产等相关生命周期阶段的能耗及温室气体排放常被忽视,且目前新能源公交车的乘客运载功能相对较弱,可能对节能及温室气体减排的潜力造成较为显著的影响.因此,本文基于北京市公交车的运营特征,采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,选择客运周转量作为功能单位,核算了天然气公交车、混合动力公交车和纯电动公交车等新能源公交车相对于柴油公交车的节能及温室气体减排效益.结果表明:发展新能源公交车对促进北京市公交行业及城市节能低碳发展具有积极的作用,但相对于基于运营里程的核算结果,本研究新能源公交车节能及温室气体减排潜力均较低,主要原因是新能源公交车的实际载客量相对较低;混合动力公交车和纯电动公交车在空调开启时的节能潜力与温室气体减排潜力均远低于天然气公交车;通过发展情景分析,建议北京市现阶段应优先发展天然气公交车,适当发展纯电动公交车和混合动力公交车,以减少北京市公交车的总体能耗,同时降低温室气体排放强度.     

降雨对城市草坪温室气体源汇效应的影响

利用静态箱法研究了夏季降雨对上海市城市草坪温室气体排放的影响,结果表明,晴天上海市城市草坪是N_2O和CO_2的源,CH_4的汇;降雨会削弱N_2O和CO_2排放,使得草坪由CH_4的汇转变为排放源。N_2O通量在晴天和雨后分别为1.37±3.47和1.06±2.67μmol/(m2·h),CO_2通量在晴天和雨后分别为13.33±8.59和6.46±2.61mmol/(m~2·h),CH_4通量在晴天和降雨后分别为-0.08±3.77和0.22±6.27μmol/(m~2·h)。明暗箱对比实验显示,草坪生态系统能有效缓解土壤对大气N_2O和CO_2的贡献。N_2O和CO_2通量与光合有效辐射和温度呈显著负相关(p0.01),CH_4和二者相关性不显著。降雨通过降低光合作用和温度,间接削弱城市草坪CO_2和N_2O的排放。降雨可能通过提高含水率抑制城市草坪对CH_4的吸收,促进其排放。     

海南省废弃物处理温室气体排放估算研究

废弃物处理所释放的甲烷、二氧化碳和氧化亚氮是温室气体排放估算的组成部分之一.通过对海南省废弃物处理固体废弃物填埋、焚烧、生活污水以及工业废水过程中温室气体排放的估算,得出废弃物处理温室气体排放清单.2010年海南省城市废弃物处理温室气体排放以CO2当量计算总量为65.79万吨,同时进行了不确定性分析,不确定性约为30％,并提出拟采取的降低不确定性措施,为今后不断完善废弃物处理温室气体排放清单编制提供依据.     

食物链途径人体健康风险评估的关键内容探讨

食物是人类生存的重要保障,食品安全事关人类生命健康.食品污染始于农田耕地,还包括生产制造、包装、贮存、运输、加工等环节,每个步骤处理不当都可能发生食品安全问题.农田为食物来源的基石,是空气、水体中污染物的汇,随着城市的扩张,人类经济活动导致农田污染加剧.人类从食物中摄取污染物与经口、呼吸、皮肤的途径一样,是人体健康风险评估不可缺少的考量因素之一.我国对食品安全非常重视,2010年1月原卫生部根据《食品安全法》建立《食品安全风险监测管理规定》和《食品安全风险评估管理规定》(试行),这两份文件涵盖了从土壤到餐桌一系列的风险过程.但由于每个过程产生的原因、污染物影响机制均不同,规定离具体实际应用目标还很远.2014年环保部以保护生态环境,保障人体健康为根本,为加强污染场地环境保护监督管理,规范污染场地人体健康风险评估,发布了《污染场地风险评估技术导则》,该文建立了土壤污染造成人体健康风险评价的操作方法.然而导则考虑了经口、皮肤、呼吸及饮用地下水等9种暴露途径和评估模型,唯独缺少经食物链暴露这一重要途径的相关内容.本文以英、美两国食物链途径的场地污染风险评估为依据开展了详细探讨,深入分析了评估程序中关于土地利用方式的分类、目标人群暴露特征、污染物在食物链中传输路径、模型选取及暴露参数等内容,以期为我国制定《食物链暴露途径风险评估导则》提供一定的参考依据和指导方法.     

用清洁生产的理念防治农业污染的初步探讨

农业发展面临的农业污染问题,已成为制约农业可持续发展的＂瓶颈＂.农业污染问题已经成为影响农村经济发展,以及农村社会和谐发展的重要因素之一.在论述农业清洁生产涵义的基础上,探讨了农业清洁生产防治农业污染问题.以新疆绿洲农业为例,论述了农业污染现状及发展农业清洁生产的必要性,分析探讨了发展农业清洁生产存在的问题和障碍,并提出了对策和建议.     

农业生产转型及其环境效应的研究进展与展望

农业绿色转型已经成为乡村振兴与农业农村深化改革的关键路径,亟待探索农业生产转型与其环境效应的耦合关系与机制,从而推进农业的高质量发展。近年来,学者们基于不同的空间尺度,对农业生产转型及其环境效应的过程、格局、机理与优化调控开展了广泛探讨。为系统梳理该方面研究的相关进展,识别出相应的研究不足,本文采用文献分析与系统归纳相结合的方法,分析了农业生态环境问题的识别、测度与成因等方面的研究态势,从关键要素的视角解析了农业生产转型对生态环境影响的研究进展,并对农业经济增长与农业面源污染和农业生产转型与农业生态效率的相互关系进行了总结。研究指出：未来农业生产转型及其环境效应研究应加强从系统科学的视角解读二者的互馈关系,并关注二者互馈响应的区域异质性,深化基于土地系统科学视角的耕地利用转型的环境影响研究,通过多学科交叉融合加强对中国特色“小农”生产方式转型所引发的环境问题的微观机理探析。     

国际粮食贸易影响下东北黑土地生产压力变化与保护策略

黑土地是重要的农产品生产基地之一,承担着保障国家粮食安全和维护农业生态安全的重要责任,保护好黑土地对促进我国农业可持续发展至关重要。测算与分析2000—2020年东北黑土地粮食生产耕地压力的变化情况,研究国际贸易对东北黑土地粮食生产的耕地压力的影响,利用国际市场占有率指数和贸易竞争优势指数分析东北黑土地农产品在国内及国际两个市场的竞争优势。结果表明：近20年来东北黑土地粮食生产的耕地压力基本处于安全压力区并呈逐步下降的趋势,玉米、大豆、稻谷三种主要作物生产的耕地压力分别从2000年的1.94、1.09和0.63下降至2020年的0.69、0.26和0.54。国际粮食贸易对黑土地粮食生产耕地压力减缓的作用显著且呈现出逐年上升的趋势,2020年对黑土地粮食生产耕地压力减缓的贡献率达26.22%,其中对大豆生产的耕地压力减缓的贡献率达511.48%。农产品贸易优势度分析结果显示,东北黑土地农产品在国内市场具有明显的贸易竞争优势,但在国际贸易中的竞争优势不明显。为此,提出了国际贸易粮食贸易变化背景下黑土地保护的若干建议,为东北黑土地保护及其粮食产能保障相关决策提供参考。