破坏耕地罪探讨

破坏耕地行为有违宪法、刑法和民法等规定,但无可直接引用的破坏耕地罪专门条款。应以附属刑法的方式设立破坏耕地罪。论述了破坏耕地罪的概念和构成及其刑事责任,并指出适用破坏耕地罪时应注意的问题,如罪与非罪的界限以及破坏耕地罪与侵占土地罪、破坏土地资源罪、破坏自然资源罪等的界限。     

耕地转用许可证制度探讨

目前耕地“占用”严重，有必要从法律上界定耕地“转用”，建立耕地转用许可法律制度，按合法，公开，效率，合理原则和法定程序确定耕地转用。     

全国及区域性人均耕地阈值的探讨

论文首先指出并不存在联合国粮农组织提出的人均耕地面积阈值;继而认为人均耕地面积阈值具有鲜明的时间和空间特征,需要有明确的前提条件。为此按1995年的耕地实际生产力(在耕地面积中扣除菜地和经济作物用地面积),以人均400kg、450kg、500kg粮食需求量的生活标准,提出就全国平均而言,人均耕地面积不应小于0.092hm₂、0.104hm₂、0.115hm₂(可以看作当前的人均耕地面积阈值)。根据2010、2030、2050年我国的预期耕地面积以及可能达到的生产能力,按人均400kg、450kg、500kg粮食需求量的生活标准,就全国平均而言,2010年人均耕地面积不应小于0.059hm₂、0.067hm₂、0.074hm₂(可以看作近期的人均耕地面积阈值);2030年人均耕地面积不应小于0.052hm₂、0.058hm₂、0.064hm₂(可以作为中期的人均耕地面积阈值);2050年人均耕地面积不应小于0.046hm₂、0.052hm₂、0.058hm₂(可以作为远期的人均耕地面积阈值)。     

工业废水土地快速渗滤系统设计参数试验研究

通过对细砂、中砂、粗砂 3种土层快速渗滤系统的试验研究得出了入渗率随时间变化的指数关系和稳定入渗率 ;实测了不同土层对CODCr、BOD5和氨氮的处理效果 ,以及净化能力随渗透深度的变化规律 ;对土层失去净化能力和恢复净化能力过程进行了试验 ,找出了土层吸附饱和与间歇周期。     

土地资源承载力若干问题浅析

本文就当前土地资源承载力研究中所遇到的若干问题,从土地资源承载力定义的理解、土地生产力的计算、单产预测、土地资源评价和土地利用结构调整等5个方面进行了探讨。 如何定义和理解土地资源人口承载力是进行这项研究的关键。以研究土地资源人口承载力为目的的土地资源评价是进行土地生产力计算和土地利用结构调整必不可少的基础。根据统计资料预测的作物单产,不能反映出土地生产力,而使用农业生态地带法计算作物单产目前也存在着一些问题。     

黄河三角洲地区农业环境现状与污染防治措施

在黄河三角洲地区,近几年来,农业生产得到快速发展,农用薄膜、化肥和农药的使用量也逐年增加,由于人们环保意识薄弱,致使农业环境受到污染.农田连续覆膜十年以上,土壤中农膜残留量可达55～60kg/hm2;果园和蔬菜保护地栽培连续五年以上的地块,土壤中有机磷农药检出率高达80%以上;化肥用量连续五年达到每年1500～2000kg/hm2的农田,土壤有机质下降0.18～0.23%,团粒结构减少4.1～5.3%,总孔隙度减少11.4～13.8%,土壤的理化性能严重下降.通过对农业环境主要污染因素和污染现状分析,采取相应的防治措施,对保护农业环境,促进农业和农村经济的可持续发展有十分重要的意义.     

Implications of Land Use Changes on Carbon Dynamics and Sequestration—Evaluation from Forestry Datasets, India

Forests and soils are a major sink of carbon, and land use changes can affect the magnitude of above ground and below ground carbon stores and the net flux of carbon between the land and the atmosphere. Studies on methods for examining the future consequences of changes in patterns of land use change and carbon flux gains importance, as they provide different options for CO₂ mitigation strategies. In this study, a simulation approach combining Markov chain processes and carbon pools for forests and soils has been implemented to study the carbon flows over a period of time. Markov chains have been computed by converting the land use change and forestry data of India from 1997 to 1999 into a matrix of conditional probabilities reflecting the changes from one class at time t to another class time t+1. Results from Markov modeling suggested Indian forests as a potential sink for 0.94 Gt carbon, with an increase in dense forest area of about 75.93 Mha and decrease of about 3.4 Mha and 5.0 Mha in open and scrub forests, if similar land use changes that occurred during 1997–1999 would continue. The limiting probabilities suggested 34.27 percent as dense forest, 6.90 as open forest, 0.4 percent mangrove forest, 0.1 percent scrub and 58 percent as non-forest area. Although Indian forests are found to be a potential carbon sink, analysis of results from transition probabilities for different years till 2050 suggests that, the forests will continue to be a source of about 20.59 MtC to the atmosphere. The implications of these results in the context of increasing anthropogenic pressure on open and scrub forests and their contribution to carbon source from land use change and forestry sector are discussed. Some of the mitigation aspects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land use change and forestry sector in India are also reviewed in the study.     

INCREASED BASEFLOW IN IOWA OVER THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY1

ABSTRACT: Historical trends in annual discharge characteristics were evaluated for 11 gauging stations located throughout Iowa. Discharge records from nine eight‐digit hydrologic unit code (HUC‐8) watersheds were examined for the period 1940 to 2000, whereas data for two larger river systems (Cedar and Des Moines Rivers) were examined for a longer period of record (1903 to 2000). In nearly all watersheds evaluated, annual base flow, annual minimum flow, and the annual base flow percentage significantly increased over time. Some rivers also exhibited increasing trends in total annual discharge, whereas only the Maquoketa River had significantly decreased annual maximum flows. Regression of stream discharge versus precipitation indicated that more precipitation is being routed into streams as base flow than as storm flow in the second half of the 20th Century. Reasons for the observed stream flow trends are hypothesized to include improved conservation practices, greater artificial drainage, increasing row crop production, and channel incision. Each of these reasons is consistent with the observed trends, and all are likely responsible to some degree in most watersheds.     

准噶尔盆地油田开发区土地沙漠化防治研究--以石西、莫北油田为例

通过对准噶尔盆地石西油田、石南油田、莫北油田等开发利用区土地沙漠化现状和特点的分析，对油田开发活动引起的水土流失进行了预测，并对产生的新的土地沙漠化现象和水土流失对油田区道路、管线、油区的影响进行了分析，提出了针对钻井井场、道路、输油气管线等的分区防治措施。     

GROUND WATER NITRATE REDUCTION IN GIANT CANE AND FOREST RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES1

ABSTRACT: Ground water contamination by excess nitrate leaching in row‐crop fields is an important issue in intensive agricultural areas of the United States and abroad. Giant cane and forest riparian buffer zones were monitored to determine each cover type's ability to reduce ground water nitrate concentrations. Ground water was sampled at varying distances from the field edge to determine an effective width for maximum nitrate attenuation. Ground water samples were analyzed for nitrate concentrations as well as chloride concentrations, which were used as a conservative ion to assess dilution or concentration effects within the riparian zone. Significant nitrate reductions occurred in both the cane and the forest riparian buffer zones within the first 3.3 m, a relatively narrow width. In this first 3.3 m, the cane and forest buffer reduced ground water nitrate levels by 90 percent and 61 percent, respectively. Approximately 40 percent of the observed 99 percent nitrate reduction over the 10 m cane buffer could be attributed to dilution by upwelling ground water. Neither ground water dilution nor concentration was observed in the forest buffer. The ground water nitrate attenuation capabilities of the cane and forest riparian zones were not statistically different. During the spring, both plant assimilation and denitrification were probably important nitrate loss mechanisms, while in the summer nitrate was more likely lost via denitrification since the water table dropped below the rooting zone.