超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定污水中14种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)联用法同时测定污水中14种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPEs)的分析方法.样品采集后,经GF/C膜过滤,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后进样分析.以BEH C18色谱柱为分离柱,乙腈和水混合液为流动相(0.2 mL min-1)梯度洗脱,15 min内可完成14种OPEs的分离.在电喷雾正离子模式下,采用多反应监测模式(MRM)进行质谱测定.在加标浓度为1.0μg·L-1时,14种OPEs在污水处理厂进水和出水中的回收率分别为52.1%—119%、43.6%—114%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.2%—16.2%、0.4%—9.2%,方法的检出限(LOD)在0.3—6.0 ng·L-1间.方法精密度好,准确度高,可满足同时对污水样品中的14种OPEs进行定性及定量分析的要求.     

Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride waste based on life cycle assessments

Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride （PVC） waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental perfor- mance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng. 100 kgI of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng- 100 kgI of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties： basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment （LCIA） showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.     

沸石滤池深度处理石化废水二级出水研究

采用小试规模沸石滤池,深度处理石化废水二级出水,通过考察滤池对CODCrNH4^-N和挥发酚的去除情况,分析了沸石去除污染物的规律和机理。结果表明：沸石滤池对CODCr,NH4^＋-N和挥发酚的平均去除率分别达到27．32％、94．67％和34．47％。在滤池运行初期,离子交换起主要作用。随着反应器的运行,离子交换因沸石饱和而减弱,而生物氧化逐渐起作用。由于沸石资源丰富、价格低廉和性能优越,所以沸石滤池作为三级深度处理技术具有广阔应用前景。     

污水处理厂低温等离子体恶臭治理技术

利用低温等离子体技术处理污水厂恶臭气体,是一种新的技术。介绍了该技术处理恶臭的机理和相关工程的工艺流程以及处理效果,实际应用表明该技术对污水处理厂恶臭气体的治理是十分有效的。     

小城镇固体废弃物处理调查研究

我国小城镇固体废弃物污染问题日趋严重,从小城镇实际情况出发,提出切实可行的固体废弃物处理办法和技术是当务之急.本文采用典型调查的方式,对我国7个典型小城镇进行实地调查,总结出了我国小城镇固体废弃物的特点,固体废弃物处理现状以及固体废弃物处理方面的规划,指出了我国小城镇在固体废弃物处理方面存在的问题,并就如何改善小城镇固体废弃物处理提出了建议.调查结果为小城镇固体废弃物的处理办法和技术研究提供了依据.     

半刚性路面基层环境影响评价研究

采用输人输出模型,通过清单分析和归一化处理对我国典型的路面基层材料水泥稳定粒料与石灰稳定粒料以及几种工业固体废弃物路面基层材料的环境影响进行了研究并和水泥混凝土进行了对比.结果表明,工业固体废弃物路面基层对资源能源消耗量少,生产过程中固体废弃物、温室气体、酸雨气体的排放量小.和我国目前广泛使用的水泥稳定粒料相比,其环境影响较小,而且可以被再循环用作水泥生产的混合材,是一类典型的生态建筑材料.     

电子废物管理体系研究

分析了欧盟、日本、美国等国家的电子废物管理体系主要特点,并介绍我国电子废物管理现状和主要措施,在此基础上归纳总结了当前电子废物管理存在的主要问题并提出相关建议。     

聚合氯化铝铁在纺织印染废水处理中的应用

主要探讨聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）在纺织印染废水处理的应用,并对影响絮凝效果的主要因素,如投加量、pH值等进行研究,找出最佳反应条件.     

居民电子废物回收行为影响因素的实证研究

基于对350名城市居民的问卷调查结果,运用验证性因子分析方法对居民的电子废物回收行为、行为意向及其影响因素进行了实证研究.结果表明,基于计划行为理论所建立的结构方程模型可以较为有效地诠释有关研究假设,环境知识、舆论宣传和垃圾分类等情境因素对电子废物回收行为具有调节作用.知觉行为控制对于行为意向转化为行为具有非常重要地促进作用,而便利状况则是影响知觉行为控制的重要因素.     

Thermal cracking of waste printed wiring boards for mechanical recycling by using residual steam preprocessing

Mechanical waste-processing methods, which combine crushing and separation processes for the recovery of valuable materials, have been widely applied in waste printed wiring board (PWB) treatment. However, both the high impact toughness and the tensile and flexural strengths of whole PWB with a laminated structure result in great energy consumption and severe abrasion of the cutters during multi-level crushing. In addition, the high temperatures occurring in continual crushing probably cause the decomposition of the polymer matrix. A thermal-crack method using residual steam as the heating medium has been developed to pre-treat waste PWBs. This treatment reduces the mechanical strength in order to improve the recovery rate of valuable materials in subsequent mechanical recycling. The changes of the PWBs’ macro-mechanical properties were studied to evaluate thermal expansion impacts associated with changes in temperature, and the dynamic dislocation micro-structures were observed to identify the fracture mechanism. The results showed that thermal cracking with steam at the temperature of 500 K can effectively attenuate the mechanical properties of waste PWBs, by reducing the impact, tensile and flexural strengths respectively, by 59.2%, 49.3% and 51.4%, compared to untreated PWB. Thermal expansion can also facilitate the separation of copper from glass fiber by reducing peel resistance by 95.4% at 500 K. It was revealed that the flexural fracture was a transverse cracking caused by concentrated stress when the heating temperature was less than 500 K, and shifted to a vertical cracking after exceeding 500 K.