大气污染源监测采样技术

依据气态污染源共同的排放特性及平均排放浓度，排放速率的概念，导出气态污染源监测中常用的三种采样方法：积分法、分部积分法、有限加合近似法。根据分析化学的要求，提出样品采集时间的设计方法。由此得出不同类型排放源的监测时间和采样频率确定方法。     

香蕉组培苗的营养和施肥

较系统地研究了香蕉组培苗的营养与施肥，试验方案包括了ＮＰＫ１３种用量水平、１０种不同ＮＰＫ配比和中微量元素混施．试验结果表明，在一定的ＮＰＫ施肥基础上．再增施ＮＰＫ均能获得不同程度的增产，其中增施Ｎ的增产幅为４．７％－１５．０％，增施Ｐ、Ｋ的分别为３．４％－１５．１％和６．６％－１２．６％．增Ｎ有利于植株增高、茎围增粗、长叶增快和提早吐蕾；增Ｐ对植株增高和提早吐蕾也有一定的作用；增Ｋ主要有利于茎围增粗，但在高Ｎ高Ｐ下增Ｋ也同样具有增Ｎ的多种效果．增Ｋ的另一效应是延缓吐蕾期而使吐蕾期较集中一致，这有利于田间管理和收获；施用中微量元素的增产效果显著，同时也改善和提高了果实品质．应提倡应用和推广．     

有毒药物安全操作台防止空气污染作用分析

分析了9112－B型有毒药物安全操作台的污染物去除效率，得出了该操作平台避免了有毒药物对操作者的侵害，减少了有毒药物对环境污染的结论。     

城区大气和塑料大棚空气中酞酸酯的分析

本文报道了济南市大气飘尘和塑料蔬菜大棚空气中酞酸酯的污染情况，探讨了大气飘尘中酞酸酯随季节变化和昼夜更替的变化情况。     

Examination of model predictions at different horizontal grid resolutions

While fluctuations in meteorological and air quality variables occur on a continuum of spatial scales, the horizontal grid spacing of coupled meteorological and photochemical models sets a lower limit on the spatial scales that they can resolve. However, both computational costs and data requirements increase significantly with increasing grid resolution. Therefore, it is important to examine, for any given application, whether the expected benefit of increased grid resolution justifies the extra costs. In this study, we examine temperature and ozone observations and model predictions for three high ozone episodes that occurred over the northeastern United States during the summer of 1995. In the first set of simulations, the meteorological model RAMS4a was run with three two-way nested grids of 108/36/12 km grid spacing covering the United States and the photochemical model UAM-V was run with two grids of 36/12 km grid spacing covering the eastern United States. In the second set of simulations, RAMS4a was run with four two-way nested grids of 108/36/12/4 km grid spacing and UAM-V was run with three grids of 36/12/4 km grid spacing with the finest resolution covering the northeastern United States. Our analysis focuses on the comparison of model predictions for the finest grid domain of the simulations, namely, the region overlapping the 12 km and 4 km domains. A comparison of 12 km versus 4 km fields shows that the increased grid resolution leads to finer texture in the model predictions; however, comparisons of model predictions with observations do not reveal the expected improvement in the predictions. While high-resolution modeling has scientific merit and potential uses, the currently available monitoring networks, in conjunction with the scarceness of highly resolved spatial input data and the limitations of model formulation, do not allow confirmation of the expected superiority of the high-resolution model predictions.The U.S. Governments right to retain a non-exclusive royalty-free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

大气污染指示植物的研究

自50年代以来.为寻找一种经济、实用和灵敏的方法来监测环境变化,开展了大量大气污染指示植物的研究.这些工作包括用植物叶片典型症状、树皮、草本植物、附生植物指示气体污染(O_3、PANs、NO_x、SO_2、HF、乙烯等)、粉尘以及重金属污染.进入80年代以后,有关研究集中到利用植物富集的污染物含量结合计算机等先进技术指示和监测大气环境变化及进行大气质量评价.本文对国内外开展的大气污染指示植物研究的历史及其主要方法作了简要介绍,并就利用植物指示和监测大气污染的若干问题进行了探讨.     

源于大气的氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响

用开顶式熏气罩熏气的方法,研究了气源氟在水稻不同器官的分布及对糙米含氟量的影响。结果表明:气源氟主要分布于水稻叶片中,根含氟量不受气源氟的影响;籽粒含氟量取决于籽粒器官形成后空气氟浓度,与籽粒器官形成前的空气氟浓度无关;糙米氟含量与水稻抽穗齐穗后所暴露的氟剂量间呈极显著线性相关关系。     

城市大气污染治理规划方法

本文介绍了用于治理发展中国家城市大气污染的规划方法。它通过对城市大气污染的现状进行定量分析，确定主要污染分担源。用基础削减量、平权削减量、源强和经济优化削减量综合确定城市削减排放总量以及分配排放量的削减方案和筹集削减排放量的经费。     

农药废水中有机硫、磷污染物湿式空气氧化反应的研究

以o,o-二甲氧基或o,o-二乙氧基硫代磷酰氯废水为典型废水,在180—230℃,氧气压力为0.7—1.5MPa的反应条件下,在2L的不锈钢高压釜中,研究了农药废水中有机硫磷化合物在湿式空气氧化过程中的降解机制。实验结果表明,有机硫磷化合物分子中的有机硫通过氧化反应降解为硫酸,有机磷通过水解反应降解为磷酸。有机硫氧化生成的硫酸是废水湿式空气氧化过程中酸度增加的主要来源,酸性条件比碱性条件更利于有机硫磷化合物的湿式空气氧化降解。     

Assessment of patch quality by ladybirds: relative response to conspecific and heterospecific larval tracks a consequence of habitat similarity?

Summary. Aphid colonies can reach high levels of abundance but last for short periods of time. The larvae of aphidophagous ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) that feed on these colonies might therefore suffer from starvation, which favours the occurrence of cannibalism and intraguild predation. Thus, the assessment of patch quality becomes crucial and it has been shown that female ladybirds refrain from laying eggs in the presence of an oviposition deterring semiochemical deposited by their larvae. Adalia bipunctata (L.), Adalia decempunctata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata L. are 3 sympatric species of ladybirds, which can co-occur in aphid colonies. As a consequence, their eggs and larvae are under threat, not only from cannibalism but also intraguild predation. Females should, therefore, also use the tracks deposited by heterospecific larvae to assess the quality of aphid colonies as oviposition sites. The expectation is that: 1- the strength of the reaction to each other’s larval tracks should be correlated with percentage habitat overlap and that 2- the reaction to conspecific larval tracks should be stronger than to heterospecific tracks. In order to test these hypotheses, females’ oviposition behaviour was analysed and a chemical analysis of the tracks of their larvae undertaken. The results show that oviposition behaviour is not related to habitat overlap. Both species of Adalia react to tracks of their own larvae and those of C. septempunctata, but A. decempunctata reacted more strongly than A. bipunctata. C. septempunctata reacted very slightly to its own tracks but not to those of either species of Adalia. The larval tracks are mainly composed of alkanes. Those of the two species of Adalia are qualitatively 100% similar and 60% so when the quantitative results are compared. They are, however, only 24–29% similar to those of Coccinella septempunctata.