我国大气颗粒物表征研究进展

综述了国内有关大气颗粒物表征的研究进展，主要围绕大气颗粒物的基本特性、化学组成及其存在状态、毒理学、及源解析的研究进行了阐述。最后，文章还展望了其今后的研究发展方向。     

航空遥感探测海上溢油的技术

对加拿大环境技术中心应急科学部多年来在航空遥感探测海上溢油方面的研究成果进行了汇总 ,对各国不同类型的航空遥感技术的性能、成本及飞机的要求进行了比较分析     

大气微生物的研究——Ⅱ、京津地区大气微生物污染动态变化规律

报道了京津地区大气微生物污染随时间的变化规律。一般是每日出现两次高峰,两次低峰。夏季微生物数量高于冬季。     

机载设备霉菌防护设计

军工产品在运输、贮存和使用的各个阶段,都可能受到自然界(如大气、水体、土壤等环境)中广泛存在和分布的霉菌的腐蚀影响.介绍了霉菌的种类及其生存环境、腐蚀机理,分析了霉菌对机载设备的危害.从设备自身设计和破坏霉菌生长环境两方面,着重提出了机载设备的霉菌防护设计方法,以提高机载设备的抗霉能力.     

Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne PM10 AND PM2.5 in Mainland Portugal

This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for PM₁₀ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for PM₁₀ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for PM_2.5 was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for PM_2.5 was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in PM_2.5 than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities.     

城市绿地空气细菌含量变化特征

为了了解城市绿地空气细菌含量的时空变化情况以及不同空间结构绿地减菌作用的差异,通过对北京市元大都公园内全年监测样地和不同空间结构样地空气细菌的测定,得出了城市绿地空气细菌含量的年变化基本上呈双峰曲线,11月和5月含量较高,其它月份相对较低,而且证明在植物生长季绿地减菌能力较强。城市绿地空气细菌含量秋季、春季、夏季的日变化各不相同,秋季8:00~14:00总体呈下降趋势,14:00~16:00略有升高,而16:00~18:00大部分绿地有所下降;春季7:00~13:00下降,13:00~19:00呈上升趋势;夏季在9:00和17:00出现峰值,基本呈双峰型。不同空间结构的绿地减菌作用不同,春季针叶乔木具有优势,夏季阔叶乔木表现优秀,而草坪最差。在城市绿化建设中,如果从降低空气细菌含量方面考虑,建议建设绿地面积最好>900 m2,如果达不到900m2,可以考虑建设面积至少>400 m2。     

External Contribution to Urban Air Pollution

Elevated particulate matter concentrations in urbanlocations have normally been associated with local trafficemissions. Recently it has been suggested that suchepisodes are influenced to a high degree by PM₁₀sources external to urban areas. To further corroboratethis hypothesis, linear regression was sought betweenPM₁₀ concentrations measured at eight urban sites inthe U.K., with particulate sulphate concentration measuredat two rural sites, for the years 1993–1997. Analysis ofthe slopes, intercepts and correlation coefficientsindicate a possible relationship between urban PM₁₀and rural sulphate concentrations. The influences of winddirection and of the distance of the urban from the ruralsites on the values of the three statistical parametersare also explored. The value of linear regression as ananalysis tool in such cases is discussed and it is shownthat an analysis of the sign of the rate of change of theurban PM₁₀ and rural sulphate concentrations providesa more realistic method of correlation. The resultsindicate a major influence on urban PM₁₀ concentrations from the eastern side of the UnitedKingdom. Linear correlation was also sought using PM₁₀ data from nine urban sites in London and nearby ruralRochester. Analysis of the magnitude of the gradients andintercepts together with episode correlation analysisbetween the two sites showed the effect of transportedPM₁₀ on the local London concentrations. This articlealso presents methods to estimate the influence of ruraland urban PM₁₀ sources on urban PM₁₀ concentrations and to obtain a rough estimate of thetransboundary contribution to urban air pollution from thePM₁₀ concentration data of the urban site.     

室内微生物污染水平预测关键技术研究综述

室内微生物气溶胶来源多样,并受很多环境因素影响,可以利用统计学方法对室内微生物污染水平进行实时预测.本文首先介绍了预测模型的建立方法,并通过大量的文献调研,按照室内微生物污染水平预测模型建立的思路,介绍了现有研究得出的室内微生物气溶胶浓度与环境参数（换气次数、温湿度、人数、颗粒物、气流组织、CO₂）的关系,总结了室内微生物污染水平预测模型,并给出了未来发展方向.     

Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The potential health risks of airborne bacteria emission from a wastewater treatment process have been concerned. However, few studies have investigated the differences in community structure between indoor and outdoor bacteria. In this work, the characterization of airborne bacteria was studied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Two indoor (i.e., fine screen room and sludge dewatering house) and two outdoor (i.e., aeration tank and control site) sampling sites were selected. An Andersen six-stage impactor was used for collecting culturable airborne bacteria in the air, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted to track the emission source of the culturable airborne bacteria. The results indicate that, compared with the outdoor aeration tank site, the concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria in the indoor fine screen room with poor ventilation were more than ten times higher and the particle size was about twice as large. The community structures of indoor and outdoor culturable airborne bacteria were obviously different. Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were detected in indoor culturable airborne bacteria, with wastewater and sludge dewatering machine identified as the primary sources. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were not detected in outdoor culturable airborne bacteria. Outdoor high wind speed might have resulted in rapid dilution and mixing of culturable airborne bacteria generated from the aeration tank with the ambient air. The results of the present research suggest that covering pollution sources, increasing ventilation rates, and using protective measures for personnel should be implemented to decrease the exposure risk to indoor culturable airborne bacteria.     

成都市不同粒径大气颗粒物中水溶性酸性离子分析

大气颗粒物是成都目前大气环境主要污染物之一。文章通过Andersen分级采样器采样,对成都市东郊(原工业区)2006年下半年不同粒径的大气颗粒物及其水溶性酸性离子的含量进行了分析,在此基础上对比分析了雾天条件下的污染特征。结果表明,大气颗粒物及其酸性离子主要分布在0.65～3.3μm的粒径范围,颗粒物中水溶性酸性离子的平均含量大小关系为:[SO42-]>[NO3-]>[Cl-]>[F-]>[NO2-].雾天颗粒物的浓度水平是正常天气下的1～3倍。