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51.
医院室内空气真菌污染会影响医护人员、病人及陪护人员的健康,其影响程度不仅与空气真菌的种类和浓度有关,还与真菌气溶胶粒径及分布特征有关,不同粒径的真菌气溶胶影响人体健康的作用机制不同.本研究对重庆某综合医院的普通病房进行空气真菌取样,系统分析了病房空气真菌浓度、种属及粒径分布特征.通过分析实验数据,发现病房空气真菌浓度与病人患病类型及人员密度无关,主要影响因素为温湿度与季节变化.冬夏各科室病房真菌粒径分布特征大致呈正态分布,粒径的百分比从Ⅰ级~Ⅲ级各级所占比例逐渐增大,Ⅲ级~Ⅴ级所占比例总体最大,Ⅴ级~Ⅵ级所占比例逐渐降低.冬夏不同科室病房的空气真菌孢子中值直径没有显著差异,真菌孢子的中值直径小于3.19μm.病房冬夏优势菌属基本相同,主要为青霉属、曲霉属及交链孢霉属,与其它建筑相比并无显著性差异.因此,病房空调系统设计应提高对粒径为1.1~4.7μm真菌孢子的过滤效率,病房的日常卫生维护与空调系统运行管理时应有针对性地选择适宜的抑菌除菌方法和设备. 相似文献
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A method involving high resolution gas chromatography combined with ion trap (HRGC-MS/MS) and negative chemical ionisation
(NCI) was developed for the determination of nitrated or oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs, oxy-PAHs)
and other electrophilic substitutes in soil samples. Efficient clean-up was achieved by a combination of methods for the determination
of PAHs in soil and nitro-PAHs in aerosol using solid phase extraction (SPE) and semipreparative high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC). In samples of surface soil from the city of Basle (Switzerland), nitro-PAHs (mainly 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-nitropyrene)
were found in concentrations between 30 and 800 ng/kg dry weight. Oxy-PAHs and parent PAHs revealed 102-104-fold higher levels. Nitro-PAHs which are up to 105 times more mutagenic seem to be less persistent in soil than the parent forms, although their entire mutagenic potential
has to be estimated as being on the same order of magnitude. In urban air particulate matter, the amounts of nitro-PAHs (2–62
pg/m3) were 10–100 times lower than oxyPAHs and parent PAHs which were both found in a similar range. 3-nitrobenzanthrone, a recently
described suspected human carcinogen has not yet been detected. Using multivariate statistical analysis, it was possible to
elucidate similarities or special characteristics of substances in a given matrix reflecting their chemical properties or
specific emission sources. 相似文献
54.
To understand the metal distribution characteristics in the atmosphere of urban Islamabad, total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected on daily 12 h basis, at Quaid-i-Azam University campus, using high volume sampler. The TSP samples were treated with HNO3/HClO4 based wet digestion method for the quantification of eight selected metals; Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni and Cd by FAAS method. The monitoring period ran from June 2001 to January 2002, with a total of 194 samples collected on cellulose filters. Effects of different meteorological conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction on selected metal levels were interpreted by means of multivariate statistical approach. Enhanced metal levels for Fe (930 ng/m3), Zn (542 ng/m3) and Pb (210 ng/m3) were found on the mean scale while Mn, Cr, Co and Ni emerged as minor contributors. Statistical correlation study was also conducted and a strong correlation was observed between Pb-Cr (r=0.611). The relative humidity showed some significant influence on atmospheric metal distribution while other meteorological parameters showed weak relationship with TSP metal levels. Regarding the origin of sources of heavy metals in TSP, the statistical procedure identified three source profiles; automobile emissions, industrial/metallurgical units, and natural soil dust. The metal levels were also compared with those reported for other parts of the world which showed that the metal levels in urban atmosphere of Islamabad are in exceedence than those of European industrial and urban sites while comparable with some Asian sites. 相似文献
55.
飞行数据可视化技术研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
李春香 《中国安全科学学报》2009,19(1)
针对航空器事故调查和不安全事件分析的结果及改进的需要,研究基于FDR/QAR/DAR/CVR的数据可视化技术。提出基于飞行仪表布局语言(FILL)的仪表模型构建与驱动的技术方案,解决FDR/QAR/DAR记录数据的导入与修正处理、不同分辨率三维地形的生成与显示以及飞行数据与驾驶舱话音同步播放等问题。实践证明,利用数据可视化技术所构建的包括飞机、航迹、仪表、地形、跑道、航图等元素的三维图形飞行环境集成再现了飞行过程,为事故调查和事件分析提供了科学有效的辅助分析工具。 相似文献
56.
Our laboratory investigation aimed at assessing to what extent suspended particles could adsorb formaldehyde, allowing it, when inhaled, to penetrate deeper into the lung. We used two types of pure soot, N-220 and N-660 (the former being a highly active oil furnace soot with smaller particles and a larger surface area than the latter), because of their chemical inactivity and the adsorptive properties. The results obtained in experimental conditions showed that soot particles could bind 2.3 to 50.2% of formaldehyde, depending on the particle size, relative humidity, amount of particles and the duration of the contact. The recovery of formaldehyde from the particles was also tested. Further investigation is planned under realistic conditions. 相似文献
57.
Irtishad Ahmad Berrin Tansel Jose D. Mitrani 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2001,72(3):265-276
Indoor air quality has become one of the most seriousenvironmental concerns as an average person spends about 22 hrindoors on a daily basis. The study reported in this article, wasconducted to determine the effectiveness of three commercialHVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) duct cleaning processes in reducing the level of airborne particulate matterand viable bioaerosols. The three HVAC sanitation processeswere: (1) Contact method (use of conventional vacuum cleaning ofinterior duct surfaces); (2) Air sweep method (use of compressedair to dislodging dirt and debris); (3) Rotary brush method(insertion of a rotary brush into the ductwork to agitate anddislodge the debris). Effectiveness of these sanitationprocesses was evaluated in terms of airborne particulate andviable bioaerosol concentrations in residential homes. Eightidentical homes were selected in the same neighborhood. Twohomes were cleaned using each procedure and two were used ascontrols. It was found that both particle count readings andbioaerosol concentrations were higher when cleaning was beingperformed than before or after cleaning, which suggests thatdirt, debris and other pollutants may become airborne as aresult of disturbances caused by the cleaning processes.Particle count readings at 0.3 micron size were found to haveincreased due to cigarette smoking. Particle counts at 1.0micron size were reduced due to HVAC duct cleaning. Post-levelbioaerosol concentrations, taken two days after cleaning, werefound to be lower than the pre-level concentrations suggestingthat the cleaning procedures were effective to some extent.Homes cleaned with the Air Sweep procedure showed the highestdegree of reduction in bioaerosol concentration among the threeprocedures investigated. 相似文献
58.
航空设备在实际应用中都要遭受严酷的环境应力的作用,这些应力对设备具有极大的破坏作用,严重影响着设备实际使用性能.主要研究了航空设备环境适应能力的评估,包括航空设备环境适应能力评估数学模型和评估方法. 相似文献
59.
Fanhua Kong Ding Wang Haiwei Yin Iryna Dronova Fan Fei Jiayu Chen Yingxia Pu Manchun Li 《Conservation biology》2021,35(4):1140-1150
Ongoing, rapid urban growth accompanied by habitat fragmentation and loss challenges biodiversity conservation and leads to decreases in ecosystem services. Application of the concept of ecological networks in the preservation and restoration of connections among isolated patches of natural areas is a powerful conservation strategy. However, previous approaches often failed to objectively consider the impacts of complex 3-D city environments on ecological niches. We used airborne lidar-derived information on the 3-D structure of the built environment and vegetation and detailed land use and cover data to characterize habitat quality, niche diversity, and human disturbance and to predict habitat connectivity among 38 identified habitat core areas (HCAs) in Nanjing, China. We used circuit theory and Linkage Mapper to create a landscape resistance layer, simulate habitat connectivity, and identify and prioritize important corridors. We mapped 64 links by using current flow centrality to evaluate each HCA's contribution and the links that facilitate intact connectivity. Values were highest for HCA links located in the west, south, and northeast of the study area, where natural forests with complex 3-D structures predominate. Two smaller HCA areas had high centrality scores relative to their extents, which means they could act as important stepping stones in connectivity planning. The mapped pinch-point regions had narrow and fragile links among the HCAs, suggesting they require special protection. The barriers with the highest impact scores were mainly located at the HCA connections to Purple Mountain and, based on these high scores, are more likely to indicate important locations that can be restored to improve potential connections. Our novel framework allowed us to sufficiently convey spatially explicit information to identify targets for habitat restoration and potential pathways for species movement and dispersal. Such information is critical for assessing existing or potential habitats and corridors and developing strategic plans to balance habitat conservation and other land uses based on scientifically informed connectivity planning and implementation. 相似文献
60.